Aspm knockout ferret reveals an evolutionary mechanism governing cerebral cortical size

Abstract

The human cerebral cortex is distinguished by its large size and abundant gyrification, or folding, yet the evolutionary mechanisms driving cortical size and structure are unknown. While genes essential for cortical developmental expansion have been identified from the genetics of human primary microcephaly (“small head”, associated with reduced brain size and intellectual disability) ¹ , studies of these genes in mice, whose smooth cortex is one thousand times smaller than that of humans, have provided limited insight. Mutations of abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated ( ASPM), the most common recessive microcephaly gene, reduce cortical volume by ≥50% in humans ^{2– 4} , but have little effect in mice ^{5– 9} , likely reflecting evolutionarily divergent functions of ASPM ^{10, 11} . We used genome editing to create a germline knockout (KO) of Aspm in the ferret ( Mustela putorius furo), a species with a larger, gyrified cortex and greater neural progenitor cell (NPC) diversity ^{12– 14} than mice, and closer Aspm protein sequence homology to human. Aspm KO ferrets exhibit severe microcephaly (25–40% decreases in brain weight), reflecting reduced cortical surface area without significant change in cortical thickness, as in human patients ^{3, 4} , suggesting loss of “cortical units”. The mutant ferret fetal cortex displays a massive premature displacement of ventricular radial glial cells (VRG) to the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ), where many resemble outer radial glia (ORG), an NPC subtype essentially absent in mice and implicated in cerebral cortical expansion in primates ^{12– 16} . These data suggest an evolutionary mechanism whereby Aspm regulates cortical expansion by controlling the affinity of VRG for the ventricular surface, thus modulating the ratio of VRG, the most undifferentiated cell type, to ORG, a more differentiated progenitor.