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      Change in the geometry of positive- and negative-powered soft contact lenses during wear

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          Abstract

          Contact lens wear causes mutual interactions between the ocular surface and the lens, which may affect comfort as well as vision. The aim of this study was to examine deformations in modern positive- and negative-powered silicone hydrogel soft contact lenses (SiH SCLs) after 7 days of continuous wear. This pre-post interventional study included 64 eyes: 42 eyes with myopia of -3.00 D and 22 eyes with hyperopia of +3.00 D. All patients underwent general ophthalmic examination, corneal topography/tomography, total corneal and epithelial thickness mapping, and specular microscopy before and after the wearing period. SiH SCLs made of senofilcon A were worn continuously for 7 days on all eligible eyes. The geometry of the new and used lenses was measured 3 to 6 minutes after removal in two perpendicular planes using a custom-made swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system for in vitro measurements. The anterior and posterior radii of curvature decreased in -3.00 D lenses in two perpendicular planes. This effect correlated significantly with average keratometry of the cornea. Sagittal lens height was lower in +3.00 D lens after wear, which correlated moderately with the corneal sagittal height. A significant decrease in central corneal epithelial thickness was observed after wearing +3.0 D lenses. In conclusion, SiH SCLs made of senofilcon A undergo minor deformations after 7-day continuous wear. Geometry modifications are different for -3.00 D and +3.00 D lenses, and they imitate the shape of the anterior eye surface. These geometric changes are accompanied by a decrease in the central thickness of corneal epithelium after +3.00 D lens wear.

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          Most cited references36

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          What Are the Odds? A Practical Guide to Computing and Reporting Bayes Factors

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            Contact lens sensors in ocular diagnostics.

            Contact lenses as a minimally invasive platform for diagnostics and drug delivery have emerged in recent years. Contact lens sensors have been developed for analyzing the glucose composition of tears as a surrogate for blood glucose monitoring and for the diagnosis of glaucoma by measuring intraocular pressure. However, the eye offers a wider diagnostic potential as a sensing site and therefore contact lens sensors have the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases and conditions. With advances in polymer synthesis, electronics and micro/nanofabrication, contact lens sensors can be produced to quantify the concentrations of many biomolecules in ocular fluids. Non- or minimally invasive contact lens sensors can be used directly in a clinical or point-of-care setting to monitor a disease state continuously. This article reviews the state-of-the-art in contact lens sensor fabrication, their detection, wireless powering, and readout mechanisms, and integration with mobile devices and smartphones. High-volume manufacturing considerations of contact lenses are also covered and a case study of an intraocular pressure contact lens sensor is provided as an example of a successful product. This Review further analyzes the contact lens market and the FDA regulatory requirements for commercialization of contact lens sensors.
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              A contact lens with embedded sensor for monitoring tear glucose level.

              We report the design, construction, and testing of a contact lens with an integrated amperometric glucose sensor, proposing the possibility of in situ human health monitoring simply by wearing a contact lens. The glucose sensor was constructed by creating microstructures on a polymer substrate, which was subsequently shaped into a contact lens. Titania sol-gel film was applied to immobilize glucose oxidase, and Nafion® was used to decrease several potential interferences (ascorbic acid, lactate, and urea) present in the tear film. The sensor exhibits a fast response (20s), a high sensitivity (240 μA cm(-2) mM(-1)) and a good reproducibility after testing a number of sensors. It shows good linearity for the typical range of glucose concentrations in the tear film (0.1-0.6 mM), and acceptable accuracy in the presence of interfering agents. The sensor can attain a minimum detection of less than 0.01 mM glucose. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                9 November 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 11
                : e0242095
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Division of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
                [2 ] Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
                [3 ] Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Information Technology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
                Keio University School of Medicine, JAPAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1332-3592
                Article
                PONE-D-20-20564
                10.1371/journal.pone.0242095
                7652269
                33166364
                d5f72c76-18fb-474e-8408-3fb8b4806f2f
                © 2020 Kaluzny et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 5 July 2020
                : 27 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Pages: 12
                Funding
                This study was supported by a grant from the Polish National Science Center (#2015/18/E/NZ5/00697). IG also acknowledges support from the Foundation for Polish Science within the Smart Growth Operational Programme 2014–2020 (TEAM Programme, # POIR.04.04.00-00-5C9B/17-00) and grants from the Polish National Science Center (#2014/14/E/ST7/00637, #2017/26/M/NZ5/00849, and 2018/31/B/NZ5/02156). AJV acknowledges support from European Union’s Horizon 2020, research, technological development, and demonstration programme (BE-OPTICAL; #675512). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Ocular Anatomy
                Eye Lens
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Ocular Anatomy
                Eye Lens
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Ocular Anatomy
                Cornea
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Ocular Anatomy
                Cornea
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Geometry
                Curvature
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Eyes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Eyes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Eyes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Eyes
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Geometry
                Radii
                Engineering and Technology
                Equipment
                Optical Equipment
                Optical Lenses
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Classical Mechanics
                Deformation
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Classical Mechanics
                Damage Mechanics
                Deformation
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Diagnostic Medicine
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Tomography
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Tomography
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Radiology and Imaging
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Tomography
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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