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      Current opinions on autophagy in pathogenicity of fungi

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          ABSTRACT

          The interaction between pathogens and their host plants is a ubiquitous process. Some plant fungal pathogens can form a specific infection structure, such as an appressorium, which is formed by the accumulation of a large amount of glycerin and thereby the creation of an extremely high intracellular turgor pressure, which allows the penetration peg of the appressorium to puncture the leaf cuticle of the host. Previous studies have shown that autophagy energizes the accumulation of pressure by appressoria, which induces its pathogenesis. Similar to other eukaryotic organisms, autophagy processes are highly conserved pathways that play important roles in filamentous fungal pathogenicity. This review aims to demonstrate how the autophagy process affects the pathogenicity of plant pathogens.

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          Autophagosome formation: core machinery and adaptations.

          Zhiping Xie, Daniel Klionsky (2007)
          Eukaryotic cells employ autophagy to degrade damaged or obsolete organelles and proteins. Central to this process is the formation of autophagosomes, double-membrane vesicles responsible for delivering cytoplasmic material to lysosomes. In the past decade many autophagy-related genes, ATG, have been identified that are required for selective and/or nonselective autophagic functions. In all types of autophagy, a core molecular machinery has a critical role in forming sequestering vesicles, the autophagosome, which is the hallmark morphological feature of this dynamic process. Additional components allow autophagy to adapt to the changing needs of the cell.
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            Dynamics and diversity in autophagy mechanisms: lessons from yeast.

            Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Kuninori Suzuki, Yoshiaki Kamada … (2009)
            Autophagy is a fundamental function of eukaryotic cells and is well conserved from yeast to humans. The most remarkable feature of autophagy is the synthesis of double membrane-bound compartments that sequester materials to be degraded in lytic compartments, a process that seems to be mechanistically distinct from conventional membrane traffic. The discovery of autophagy in yeast and the genetic tractability of this organism have allowed us to identify genes that are responsible for this process, which has led to the explosive growth of this research field seen today. Analyses of autophagy-related (Atg) proteins have unveiled dynamic and diverse aspects of mechanisms that underlie membrane formation during autophagy.
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              On the trail of a cereal killer: Exploring the biology of Magnaporthe grisea.

              Nicholas J. Talbot (2003)
              The blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea causes a serious disease on a wide variety of grasses including rice, wheat, and barley. Rice blast is the most serious disease of cultivated rice and therefore poses a threat to the world's most important food security crop. Here, I review recent progress toward understanding the molecular biology of plant infection by M. grisea, which involves development of a specialized cell, the appressorium. This dome-shaped cell generates enormous turgor pressure and physical force, allowing the fungus to breach the host cuticle and invade plant tissue. The review also considers the role of avirulence genes in M. grisea and the mechanisms by which resistant rice cultivars are able to perceive the fungus and defend themselves. Finally, the likely mechanisms that promote genetic diversity in M. grisea and our current understanding of the population structure of the blast fungus are evaluated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Virulence
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Virulence
                Journal ID (publisher-id): KVIR
                Journal ID (publisher-id): kvir20
                Title: Virulence
                Publisher: Taylor & Francis
                ISSN (Print): 2150-5594
                ISSN (Electronic): 2150-5608
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 December 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 3 December 2018
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 481-489
                Affiliations
                State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
                Author notes
                CONTACT Fu-Cheng Lin fuchenglin@ 123456zju.edu.cn
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 1551011
                DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1551011
                PMC ID: 6550554
                PubMed ID: 30475080
                SO-VID: dae57514-274f-4c88-9861-c80ae508f621
                Copyright © © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 31 August 2018
                Date accepted : 14 November 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 3, References: 64, Pages: 9
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/501100001809
                Award ID: 31770154
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/501100001809
                Award ID: 3137017
                Funded by: the Ministry of Agriculture of China
                Award ID: 2016ZX08009003-001
                This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [31770154];National Natural Science Foundation of China [3137017];the Ministry of Agriculture of China [2016ZX08009003-001].
                Categories
                Subject: Special Focus on Autophagy in host-pathogen interactions

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: autophagy,endocytosis,signaling pathway,crosstalk,interaction
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: autophagy, endocytosis, signaling pathway, crosstalk, interaction

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