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      Caloric stimulation with near infrared radiation does not induce paradoxical nystagmus Translated title: La stimolazione calorica con radiazione a infrarossi vicini non induce nistagmo paradosso

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          SUMMARY

          Near infrared radiation can be used for warm stimulation in caloric irrigation of the equilibrium organ. Aim of this study was to determine whether near infrared radiation offers effective stimulation of the vestibular organ, whether it is well tolerated by the patients and especially whether it is a viable alternative to warm air stimulation in patients with defects of the tympanic membrane and radical mastoid cavities. Patients with perforations of the tympanic membrane (n = 15) and with radical mastoid cavities (n = 13) were tested both with near infrared radiation and warm dry air. A caloric-induced nystagmus could be seen equally effectively and rapidly in all patients. Contrary to stimulation with warm dry air, no paradoxical nystagmus was observed following caloric irrigation with a warm stimulus (near infrared radiation). Results of a questionnaire showed excellent patient acceptance of near infrared stimulation with no arousal effects or unpleasant feeling. In conclusion, near infrared radiation proved to be an alternative method of caloric irrigation to warm dry air in patients with tympanic membrane defects and radical mastoid cavities. Near infrared radiation is pleasant, quick, contact free, sterile and quiet. With this method an effective caloric warm stimulus is available. If near infrared radiation is used for caloric stimulus no evaporative heat loss occurs.

          RIASSUNTO

          La radiazione a infrarossi vicini può essere usata per stimolazione calda nei test calorici dell'equilibrio d'organo. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato di determinare se la radiazione a infrarossi vicini offre una stimolazione efficace dell'organo vestibolare, se è ben tollerata dai pazienti e specialmente se può rappresentare una valida alternativa alla stimolazione con aria calda nei pazienti con difetti della membrana timpanica. Un gruppo di 15 pazienti con perforazione della membrana timpanica e 13 pazienti con cavità mastoidea radicale sono stati sottoposti a stimolazione vestibolare sia con radiazione a infrarossi vicini che con aria calda. Un nistagmo è stato indotto con uguale efficacia e velocità in tutti i pazienti, ma al contrario della stimolazione con aria calda, non è stato osservato alcun nistagmo paradosso dopo la stimolazione con radiazione a infrarossi vicini. I risultati di un questionario hanno mostrato un'accettazione eccellente della stimolazione con radiazione a infrarossi vicini senza effetti di eccitazione o sensazioni spiacevoli. In conclusione, la radiazione a infrarossi vicini si è dimostrata una valida alternativa alla stimolazione calorica con aria calda nei pazienti con difetti della membrana timpanica. Essa offre una stimolazione calorica calda veloce, senza contatto, sterile, senza rumori ed efficace.

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          Most cited references21

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          Effects of rectilinear acceleration and optokinetic and caloric stimulations in space.

          During the flight of Spacelab 1 the crew performed a number of experiments to explore changes in vestibular function and visual-vestibular interactions on exposure to microgravity. Measurements were made on the threshold for detection of linear oscillation, vestibulo-ocular reflexes elicited by angular and linear movements, oculomotor and posture responses to optokinetic stimulations, and responses to caloric stimulation. Tests were also conducted on the ground, during the 4 months before and on days 1 to 6 after flight. The most significant result was that caloric mystagmus of the same direction as on the earth could also be evoked in the weightless environment.
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            Untersuchungen über den vom Vestibularapparat des Ohres reflektorisch ausgelösten rhythmischen Nystagmus und seine Begleiterscheinungen

            R Barany (1906)
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              [Near infrared stimulation of the equilibrium organ--first clinical experiences].

              A new method for the stimulation of the organ of equilibrium by means of a broad-scale and monochromatic near infrared emission was developed. This method should be examined within the framework of a pilot study, evaluated and its clinical possible applications examined. Healthy probands (n = 15), patients with a radical cave of the ear (n = 5), patients with a defect of the tympanic membrane (n = 5) and spontaneous nystagmus (n = 5) were examined. In healthy probands an irritation with broad-scale as well as monochromatic near infrared (NIR) was performed and compared with a water irrigation (44 degrees, 50 ml in 30 seconds). The subjective, local feelings during the application and the appearance of giddiness according to irritation were recorded and the nystagmus was registered by means of videonystagmography. In patients with radical cave of the ear and tympanic membrane defects, a broad-scale NIR-irritation before a comparative irritation with warm air (44 degrees) was performed exclusively. In all healthy probands, a nystagmus reaction could be seen with broad-scale and monochromatic NIR. Compared to the hot water irritation slow phase velocity (SPV) was decreased however registrable by means of Frenzel glasses and electronystagmography during the culmination stage. In patients with radical cave (n = 4) and tympanic membrane defects (n = 3) showing paradoxical nystagmus reaction during hot air irritation, a nystagmus to the site of stimulation resulted by means of light calorisation. In patients with a spontaneous nystagmus an attenuation (n = 1) or inversion (n = 2) could be achieved by NIR-radiation. The method of the NIR-radiation is suitable in clinical practice for the caloric test proofing warm reaction. Vaporization cold does not occur. The application of heat charm is better proportionable and steerable than during air irritation. The procedure is sterile, noiseless and non-contact. Difficulties in interpretation of results of vestibular tests because of evaporation coldness do not occur.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Pacini
                Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
                Pacini Editore SpA
                0392-100X
                1827-675X
                April 2011
                : 31
                : 2
                : 90-95
                Affiliations
                Centre of Otorhinolaryngology, Sulzbach, Germany;
                [1 ] Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, DIAKO Hospital, Bremen, Germany
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: L.E. Walther MD, Main-Taunus-Zentrum, Centre of Otorhinolaryngology, D-65843 Sulzbach (Taunus), Germany. Fax: +49 069 3089069. E-mail: Leif.Walther@ 123456hno-praxis-sulzbach.de
                Article
                Pacini
                3203743
                22058588
                db8676d5-8fa5-408e-b7d1-4c9834d64ec5
                © Copyright by Società Italiana di Otorinolaringologia e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License, which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any digital medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way. For details, please refer to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

                History
                : 27 November 2010
                : 15 February 2011
                Categories
                Vestibology

                Otolaryngology
                semicircular canals,radical cavity,caloric stimulation,near infrared radiation,vertigo

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