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      Sperm aneuploidy and DNA fragmentation in unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: a multicenter case-control study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the loss of at least three pregnancies in the first trimester. Although the most common cause is embryo aneuploidy, and despite female checkup and couple karyotyping, in about 50% of cases RPL remain unexplained. Male implication has little been investigated and results are discordant. In this context, we conducted a multi-center prospective case-control study to investigate male gamete implication in unexplained RPL.

          Methods

          A total of 33 cases and 27 controls were included from three university hospitals. We investigated environmental and family factors with a detailed questionnaire and andrological examination, sperm characteristics, sperm DNA/chromatin status using the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and sperm aneuploidy using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The Mann-Whitney test and the Wilcoxon or Fisher exact tests were used. A non-parametric Spearman correlation was performed in order to analyze the relationship between various sperm parameters and FISH and sperm DNA fragmentation results.

          Results

          We found significant differences between cases and controls in time to conceive, body mass index (BMI), family history of infertility and living environment. In cases, total sperm motility and the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa were significantly decreased. No difference was found between cases and controls in sperm DNA fragmentation or chromatin integrity. In cases, spermatozoa with aneuploidy, hyperhaploidy and chromosome 18 disomy were significantly increased.

          Conclusions

          This prospective case-control study is one of the largest to examine environmental factors, sperm characteristics, sperm DNA fragmentation and chromatin, and chromosome anomalies in spermatozoa in relation to unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. The originality of our study lies in the comprehensive andrological examination and search for risk factors and fertility history. Further studies are needed to confirm the links between unexplained RPL and a male family history of infertility or miscarriages. The increased sperm aneuploidy observed in unexplained RPL supports a male etiology. These data pave the way for further studies to demonstrate the value of preimplantation genetic screening in men with increased sperm aneuploidy whose partners experience unexplained RPL.

          Résumé

          Contexte

          Les fausses couches à répétition (FCR) sont définies lorsqu’au moins trois fausses couches ont eu lieu au cours du premier trimestre. Bien que la cause la plus fréquente soit l’aneuploïdie embryonnaire, et malgré un bilan chez la femme et un caryotype du couple, dans environ 50% des cas, les FCR restent inexpliquées. L’implication masculine a été peu étudiée et les résultats restent discordants. Ainsi, nous avons réalisé une étude cas-témoins prospective et multicentrique afin d’investiguer l’implication du gamète mâle dans les FCR inexpliquées.

          Méthodes

          Un total de 33 cas et de 27 témoins ont été inclus recrutés au sein de trois hôpitaux universitaires. Nous avons étudié les facteurs environnementaux et familiaux à partir d’un questionnaire détaillé ainsi que les données de l’examen andrologique, les caractéristiques du sperme, la fragmentation de l’ADN et la chromatine du spermatozoïde en utilisant le sperm chromatine structure assay (SCSA) et le test du TUNEL, ainsi que l’aneuploïdie des spermatozoïdes grâce à la méthode d’hybridation in situ de sonde chromosomique (FISH). Le test de Mann-Whitney et les tests exacts de Wilcoxon ou de Fisher ont été utilisés. Une corrélation de Spearman non-paramétrique a été réalisée afin d’analyser la relation entre les divers paramètres de sperme et les résultats de fragmentation d’ADN du sperme et les résultats de la FISH.

          Résultats

          Nous avons trouvé des différences significatives entre les cas et les témoins pour le délai de conception, l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC), les antécédents familiaux d’infertilité et le milieu de vie. Chez les cas, la mobilité totale des spermatozoïdes et le pourcentage de spermatozoïdes normaux étaient significativement diminués. Aucune différence n’a été trouvée entre les cas et les témoins concernant la fragmentation de l’ADN des spermatozoïdes ou l’intégrité de la chromatine. Chez les cas, la fréquence des spermatozoïdes présentant une aneuploïdie, une hyperhaploïdie et une disomie du chromosome 18 étaient significativement augmentée.

          Conclusions

          Cette étude cas-témoins prospective est. l’une des plus importantes ayant investigué à la fois les facteurs environnementaux, les caractéristiques des spermatozoïdes, la fragmentation et la chromatine de l’ADN des spermatozoïdes et les anomalies chromosomiques des spermatozoïdes en rapport avec les fausses couches à répétition inexpliquée. L’originalité de notre étude réside dans l’examen andrologique complet et la recherche des facteurs de risque et des antécédents reproductifs. D’autres études sont nécessaires pour confirmer les liens entre les FCR inexpliquées et les antécédents familiaux masculins d’infertilité ou de fausses couches. L’augmentation de l’aneuploïdie des spermatozoïdes observée chez les cas présentant des FCR inexpliquées plaide en faveur d’une étiologie masculine. Ces données ouvrent la voie à d’autres études pour démontrer l’utilité d’un dépistage génétique préimplantatoire chez les hommes présentant une augmentation de l’aneuploïdie des spermatozoïdes dont les partenaires présentent des FCR inexpliquées.

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          Most cited references32

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          • Abstract: found
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          Sperm DNA fragmentation: paternal effect on early post-implantation embryo development in ART.

          The relationship between early embryo post-implantation development in couples undergoing assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) and sperm chromatin alterations has not been satisfactorily explained. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between sperm DNA fragmentation in IVF/ICSI patients, sperm parameters (concentration, motility and morphology) and ART outcome, especially with regard to clinical pregnancy and pregnancy loss (spontaneous miscarriage or biochemical pregnancy). DNA fragmentation was evaluated by TUNEL assay, performed on sperm suspensions after density gradient separation, in 132 men undergoing an ART cycle (82 IVF and 50 ICSI) and correlated with sperm parameters and ART outcome. A highly significant negative correlation was found between DNA fragmentation and sperm parameters. There was a close relationship between DNA fragmentation and post-implantation development in ICSI patients: the clinical pregnancy and pregnancy loss rates significantly differed between patients with high and low sperm DNA fragmentation (P = 0.007 and P = 0.009, respectively). Sperm DNA fragmentation seems to affect embryo post-implantation development in ICSI procedures: high sperm DNA fragmentation can compromise 'embryo viability', resulting in pregnancy loss.
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            • Article: not found

            High risk of temporary alteration of semen parameters after recent acute febrile illness.

            To report parameters in semen samples and sperm deoxyribonucleic acid integrity in a fertile volunteer presenting a 2-day fever of 39 degrees -40 degrees C. Case report. University-affiliated teaching hospital. None. Semen samples from a fertile volunteer of proven fertility were obtained and analyzed before the febrile illness episode and at days 15, 37, 58, 79, and >180 after the fever. Semen parameters (total sperm count, motility a+b, and vitality), sperm protamination state, measured by sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) and apoptotic activities, measured by terminal uridine nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Total sperm count significantly decreased at days 15, 37, and 58 after the fever and returned to normal by day 79 after the fever. The percentage of motility significantly decreased at days 15 and 37 after the fever and returned to normal by day 58. Vitality score also showed a slight, although not statistically significant, decrease after the fever. The DNA fragmentation index (DFI, a SCSA parameter), which defines abnormal chromatin structure, significantly increased by 24% and 36% at days 15 and 37 after the fever, respectively, and decreased to 15% and 8% when reaching days 58 and 79 after the fever. High DNA stainability (HDS, a SCSA parameter) also significantly increased at day 37 after the fever. On the other hand, sperm DNA fragmentation, as measured by TUNEL assay, increased up to 23% by day 15 after the fever but this was not statistically significant. This report demonstrates that a febrile episode can have marked effects on semen parameters and sperm DNA integrity. These results are particularly important for the counseling of infertile couples and in relation to assisted reproductive techniques (ART).
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              An exploratory analysis of the effect of pesticide exposure on the risk of spontaneous abortion in an Ontario farm population.

              The toxicity of pesticides on human reproduction is largely unknown--particularly how mixtures of pesticide products might affect fetal toxicity. The Ontario Farm Family Health Study collected data by questionnaire on the identity and timing of pesticide use on the farm, lifestyle factors, and a complete reproductive history from the farm operator and eligible couples living on the farm. A total of 2,110 women provided information on 3,936 pregnancies, including 395 spontaneous abortions. To explore critical windows of exposure and target sites for toxicity, we examined exposures separately for preconception (3 months before and up to month of conception) and postconception (first trimester) windows and for early ( 34 years of age) was the strongest risk factor for spontaneous abortions, and we observed several interactions between pesticides in the older age group using Classification and Regression Tree analysis. This study shows that timing of exposure and restricting analyses to more homogeneous endpoints are important in characterizing the reproductive toxicity of pesticides.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +33 567771050 , bujan.l@chu-toulouse.fr
                Journal
                Basic Clin Androl
                Basic Clin Androl
                Basic and Clinical Andrology
                BioMed Central (London )
                2051-4190
                2 April 2018
                2 April 2018
                2018
                : 28
                : 4
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0723 035X, GRID grid.15781.3a, Research Group on Human Fertility EA 3694, , University Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, ; 330 av Grande Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse, France
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1457 2980, GRID grid.411175.7, CECOS Groupe d’Activité de Médecine de la Reproduction, , CHU Toulouse, ; Toulouse, France
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0593 7118, GRID grid.42399.35, CECOS Service Biologie de la Reproduction, , CHU Bordeaux, ; Bordeaux, France
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0407 1584, GRID grid.414336.7, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, , AP-HM Hôpital Nord Marseille, ; Marseille, France
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1457 2980, GRID grid.411175.7, Andrologie, Groupe d’Activité de Médecine de la Reproduction, , CHU Toulouse, ; Toulouse, France
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0407 1584, GRID grid.414336.7, Service d’Urologie et Transplantation Rénale, , AP-HM La Conception, ; Marseille, France
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1457 2980, GRID grid.411175.7, Service de Génétique Médicale, , CHU Toulouse, ; Toulouse, France
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0407 1584, GRID grid.414336.7, CECOS Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction, , AP-HM La Conception, ; Marseille, France
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2190 2394, GRID grid.7310.5, Mediterranean Institute for Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, , Avignon University, ; Marseille, France
                Article
                70
                10.1186/s12610-018-0070-6
                5879915
                29619224
                ddc1a2d2-1575-479e-b1b4-5567eff8ef3a
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 18 January 2018
                : 8 March 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004571, Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé;
                Award ID: 11 198 08
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss,fluorescence in situ hybridization,sperm aneuploidy,sperm dna fragmentation,fausses couches à répétition inexpliquées; aneuploïdie du spermatozoïde; fragmentation de l’adn du sperme; facteur masculin.

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