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      Construction of a magnesium hydroxide/graphene oxide/hydroxyapatite composite coating on Mg–Ca–Zn–Ag alloy to inhibit bacterial infection and promote bone regeneration

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          Abstract

          The improved corrosion resistance, osteogenic activity, and antibacterial ability are the key factors for promoting the large-scale clinical application of magnesium (Mg)-based implants. In the present study, a novel nanocomposite coating composed of inner magnesium hydroxide, middle graphene oxide, and outer hydroxyapatite (Mg(OH) 2/GO/HA) is constructed on the surface of Mg-0.8Ca–5Zn-1.5Ag by a combined strategy of hydrothermal treatment, electrophoretic deposition, and electrochemical deposition. The results of material characterization and electrochemical corrosion test showed that all the three coatings have high bonding strength, hydrophilicity and corrosion resistance. In vitro studies show that Mg(OH) 2 indeed improves the antibacterial activity of the substrate. The next GO and GO/HA coating procedures both promote the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and show no harm to the antibacterial activity of Mg(OH) 2 coating, but the latter exhibits the best promoting effect. In vivo studies demonstrate that the Mg alloy with the composite coating not only ameliorates osteolysis induced by bacterial invasion but also promotes bone regeneration under both normal and infected conditions. The current study provides a promising surface modification strategy for developing multifunctional Mg-based implants with good corrosion resistance, antibacterial ability and osteogenic activity to enlarge their biomedical applications.

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          Highlights

          • •

            A Mg(OH) 2/GO/HA composite coating with high bonding strength was constructed on the surface of Mg–Ca–Zn–Ag alloy.

          • •

            The outer HA layer with excellent osteogenic activity recovered the high corrosion resistance of inner Mg(OH) 2 layer.

          • •

            The Mg(OH) 2/GO/HA composite coating promoted new bone regeneration significantly under both normal and infected conditions.

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          Graphene-based composite materials.

          Sasha Stankovich, Dmitriy A Dikin, Geoffrey Dommett … (2006)
          Graphene sheets--one-atom-thick two-dimensional layers of sp2-bonded carbon--are predicted to have a range of unusual properties. Their thermal conductivity and mechanical stiffness may rival the remarkable in-plane values for graphite (approximately 3,000 W m(-1) K(-1) and 1,060 GPa, respectively); their fracture strength should be comparable to that of carbon nanotubes for similar types of defects; and recent studies have shown that individual graphene sheets have extraordinary electronic transport properties. One possible route to harnessing these properties for applications would be to incorporate graphene sheets in a composite material. The manufacturing of such composites requires not only that graphene sheets be produced on a sufficient scale but that they also be incorporated, and homogeneously distributed, into various matrices. Graphite, inexpensive and available in large quantity, unfortunately does not readily exfoliate to yield individual graphene sheets. Here we present a general approach for the preparation of graphene-polymer composites via complete exfoliation of graphite and molecular-level dispersion of individual, chemically modified graphene sheets within polymer hosts. A polystyrene-graphene composite formed by this route exhibits a percolation threshold of approximately 0.1 volume per cent for room-temperature electrical conductivity, the lowest reported value for any carbon-based composite except for those involving carbon nanotubes; at only 1 volume per cent, this composite has a conductivity of approximately 0.1 S m(-1), sufficient for many electrical applications. Our bottom-up chemical approach of tuning the graphene sheet properties provides a path to a broad new class of graphene-based materials and their use in a variety of applications.
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            Implant infections: adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion

            Davide Campoccia, Lucio Montanaro, Carla Renata Arciola (2018)
            Article 0 comments Cited 485 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Antibacterial activity of graphite, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide: membrane and oxidative stress.

              Shaobin Liu, Tingying Zeng, Mario Hofmann … (2011)
              Health and environmental impacts of graphene-based materials need to be thoroughly evaluated before their potential applications. Graphene has strong cytotoxicity toward bacteria. To better understand its antimicrobial mechanism, we compared the antibacterial activity of four types of graphene-based materials (graphite (Gt), graphite oxide (GtO), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)) toward a bacterial model-Escherichia coli. Under similar concentration and incubation conditions, GO dispersion shows the highest antibacterial activity, sequentially followed by rGO, Gt, and GtO. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering analyses show that GO aggregates have the smallest average size among the four types of materials. SEM images display that the direct contacts with graphene nanosheets disrupt cell membrane. No superoxide anion (O(2)(•-)) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is detected. However, the four types of materials can oxidize glutathione, which serves as redox state mediator in bacteria. Conductive rGO and Gt have higher oxidation capacities than insulating GO and GtO. Results suggest that antimicrobial actions are contributed by both membrane and oxidation stress. We propose that a three-step antimicrobial mechanism, previously used for carbon nanotubes, is applicable to graphene-based materials. It includes initial cell deposition on graphene-based materials, membrane stress caused by direct contact with sharp nanosheets, and the ensuing superoxide anion-independent oxidation. We envision that physicochemical properties of graphene-based materials, such as density of functional groups, size, and conductivity, can be precisely tailored to either reducing their health and environmental risks or increasing their application potentials. © 2011 American Chemical Society
              Article 0 comments Cited 414 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xiangdong Zhu
                Antoniac Vasile Iulian
                Shen Hai
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Bioact Mater
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Bioact Mater
                Title: Bioactive Materials
                Publisher: KeAi Publishing
                ISSN (Electronic): 2452-199X
                Publication date PMC-release: 03 March 2022
                Publication date Collection: December 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 March 2022
                Volume: 18
                Pages: 354-367
                Affiliations
                [a ]National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
                [b ]College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
                [c ]Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, China
                [d ]Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042, Bucharest, Romania
                [e ]Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050094, Bucharest, Romania
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China. zhu_xd1973@ 123456scu.edu.cn
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042, Bucharest, Romania. antoniac.iulian@ 123456gmail.com
                [∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author. shenhai_scsgkyy@ 123456163.com
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2452-199X(22)00104-9
                DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.030
                PMC ID: 8965913
                PubMed ID: 35415306
                SO-VID: de5c48ce-e836-447c-94f5-284b2fc39771
                Copyright © © 2022 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 26 January 2022
                Date revision received : 20 February 2022
                Date accepted : 24 February 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: mg alloy,composite coating,corrosion resistance,antibacterial ability,osteogenic activity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: mg alloy, composite coating, corrosion resistance, antibacterial ability, osteogenic activity

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