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      Novel viral vectors in infectious diseases

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , , 3 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Immunology
      Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
      Keywords: memory, T cell, vaccination, viral

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          Summary

          Since the development of vaccinia virus as a vaccine vector in 1984, the utility of numerous viruses in vaccination strategies has been explored. In recent years, key improvements to existing vectors such as those based on adenovirus have led to significant improvements in immunogenicity and efficacy. Furthermore, exciting new vectors that exploit viruses such as cytomegalovirus ( CMV) and vesicular stomatitis virus ( VSV) have emerged. Herein, we summarize these recent developments in viral vector technologies, focusing on novel vectors based on CMV, VSV, measles and modified adenovirus. We discuss the potential utility of these exciting approaches in eliciting protection against infectious diseases.

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          Most cited references96

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          Effector-memory T cell responses are associated with protection of rhesus monkeys from mucosal SIV challenge

          Scott G Hansen, Cassandra Vieville, Nathan Whizin … (2009)
          The rapid onset of massive, systemic viral replication during primary HIV/SIV infection and the immune evasion capabilities of these viruses pose fundamental problems for vaccines that depend upon initial viral replication to stimulate effector T cell expansion and differentiation1–5. We hypothesized that vaccines designed to maintain differentiated “effector memory” T cell (TEM) responses5,6 at viral entry sites might improve efficacy by impairing viral replication at its earliest stage2, and have therefore developed SIV protein-encoding vectors based on rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), the prototypical inducer of life-long TEM responses7–9. RhCMV vectors expressing SIV Gag, Rev/Nef/Tat, and Env persistently infected rhesus macaques (RM), regardless of pre-existing RhCMV immunity, and primed and maintained robust SIV-specific, CD4+ and CD8+ TEM responses (characterized by coordinate TNF, IFN-γ and MIP-1β expression, cytotoxic degranulation, and accumulation at extra-lymphoid sites) in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. Compared to control RM, these vaccinated RM showed increased resistance to acquisition of progressive SIVmac239 infection upon repeated, limiting dose, intra-rectal challenge, including four animals that controlled rectal mucosal infection without progressive systemic dissemination. These data suggest a new paradigm for AIDS vaccine development: that vaccines capable of generating and maintaining HIV-specific TEM might decrease the incidence of HIV acquisition after sexual exposure.
          Article 0 comments Cited 202 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Adenoviruses as vaccine vectors

            Nia Tatsis, Hildegund Ertl (2004)
            Adenoviruses have transitioned from tools for gene replacement therapy to bona fide vaccine delivery vehicles. They are attractive vaccine vectors as they induce both innate and adaptive immune responses in mammalian hosts. Currently, adenovirus vectors are being tested as subunit vaccine systems for numerous infectious agents ranging from malaria to HIV-1. Additionally, they are being explored as vaccines against a multitude of tumor-associated antigens. In this review we describe the molecular biology of adenoviruses as well as ways the adenovirus vectors can be manipulated to enhance their efficacy as vaccine carriers. We describe methods of evaluating immune responses to transgene products expressed by adenoviral vectors and discuss data on adenoviral vaccines to a selected number of pathogens. Last, we comment on the limitations of using human adenoviral vectors and provide alternatives to circumvent these problems. This field is growing at an exciting and rapid pace, thus we have limited our scope to the use of adenoviral vectors as vaccines against viral pathogens.
            Article 0 comments Cited 186 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Broadly targeted CD8⁺ T cell responses restricted by major histocompatibility complex E.

              Scott G Hansen, Helen L Wu, Benjamin J Burwitz … (2016)
              Major histocompatibility complex E (MHC-E) is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed, nonclassical MHC class Ib molecule with limited polymorphism that is primarily involved in the regulation of natural killer (NK) cells. We found that vaccinating rhesus macaques with rhesus cytomegalovirus vectors in which genes Rh157.5 and Rh157.4 are deleted results in MHC-E-restricted presentation of highly varied peptide epitopes to CD8αβ(+) T cells, at ~4 distinct epitopes per 100 amino acids in all tested antigens. Computational structural analysis revealed that MHC-E provides heterogeneous chemical environments for diverse side-chain interactions within a stable, open binding groove. Because MHC-E is up-regulated to evade NK cell activity in cells infected with HIV, simian immunodeficiency virus, and other persistent viruses, MHC-E-restricted CD8(+) T cell responses have the potential to exploit pathogen immune-evasion adaptations, a capability that might endow these unconventional responses with superior efficacy.
              Article 0 comments Cited 145 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ian R. Humphreys:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9512-5337
                humphreysir@cf.ac.uk
                Sarah Sebastian:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7918-4321
                sarah.sebastian@ndm.ox.ac.uk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Immunology
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Immunology
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2567
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IMM
                Title: Immunology
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0019-2805
                ISSN (Electronic): 1365-2567
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 September 2017
                Publication date (Print): January 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 26 September 2017
                Volume: 153
                Issue: 1 ( doiID: 10.1111/imm.2018.153.issue-1 )
                Pages: 1-9
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Institute of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute Cardiff University Cardiff UK
                [ 2 ] The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Hinxton UK
                [ 3 ] The Jenner Institute University of Oxford Oxford UK
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence: Ian Humphreys, Institute of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Email: humphreysir@ 123456cf.ac.uk

                and

                Sarah Sebastian, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Email: sarah.sebastian@ 123456ndm.ox.ac.uk

                Senior authors: Ian Humphreys and Sarah Sebastian

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9512-5337
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7918-4321
                Article
                Publisher ID: IMM12829
                DOI: 10.1111/imm.12829
                PMC ID: 5721250
                PubMed ID: 28869761
                SO-VID: e1d1d30d-8490-4e5c-b9e0-6f0b24aac7cb
                Copyright © © 2017 The Authors. Immunology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 19 July 2017
                Date accepted : 17 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Pages: 9, Words: 8438
                Funding
                Funded by: Wellcome Trust
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Subject: Review Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id imm12829
                cover-date January 2018
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.2.7 mode:remove_FC converted:08.12.2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
                Keywords: memory,t cell,vaccination,viral
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
                Keywords: memory, t cell, vaccination, viral

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