Comparative Surface Morphology, Chemical Composition, and Cytocompatibility of Bio-C Repair, Biodentine, and ProRoot MTA on hDPCs

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Abstract

Biocompatibility is an essential property for any vital pulp material that may interact with the dental pulp tissues. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the chemical composition and ultrastructural morphology of Biodentine (Septodont, Saint Maur-des-Fosses, France), ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Johnson City, TN, USA), and Bio-C Repair (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil), as well as their biological effects on human dental pulp cells. Chemical element characterization of the materials was undertaken using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The cytotoxicity was assessed by analyzing the cell viability (MTT assay), cell morphology (immunofluorescence assay), and cell attachment (flow cytometry assay). The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test ( p < 0.05). EDX revealed that ProRoot MTA and Biodentine were mostly composed of calcium, carbon, and oxygen (among others), whereas Bio-C Repair evidenced a low concentration of calcium and the highest concentration of zirconium. SEM showed adequate attachment of human dental pulp cells (hDPCS) to vital pulp materials and cytoskeletal alterations were not observed in the presence of material eluates. Remarkably, the undiluted Biodentine group showed higher viability than the control group cells (without eluates) at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h ( p < 0.001). Based on the evidence derived from an in vitro cellular study, it was concluded that Bio-C Repair showed excellent cytocompatibility that was similar to Biodentine and ProRoot MTA.

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Most cited references 47

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Physicochemical basis of the biologic properties of mineral trioxide aggregate.

N Sarkar, R Caicedo, P Ritwik … (2005)

This study characterized the interactions of mineral trioxide aggregate with a synthetic tissue fluid composed of a neutral phosphate buffer saline solution and root canal dentin in extracted human teeth using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Mineral trioxide aggregate exposed to synthetic tissue fluid at 37 degrees C released its metallic constituents and produced precipitates with a composition and structure similar to that of hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2-HA]. Endodontically prepared teeth filled with mineral trioxide aggregate and stored in synthetic tissue fluid at 37 degrees C for 2 months produced at the dentin wall an adherent interfacial layer that resembled hydroxyapatite in composition. The authors conclude that Ca, the dominant ion released from mineral trioxide aggregate, reacts with phosphates in synthetic tissue fluid, yielding hydroxyapatite. The dentin-mineral trioxide aggregate interfacial layer results from a similar reaction. The sealing ability, biocompatibility, and dentinogenic activity of mineral trioxide aggregate is attributed to these physicochemical reactions.

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Investigation of the hydration and bioactivity of radiopacified tricalcium silicate cement, Biodentine and MTA Angelus.

F Sorrentino, Denis Damidot, Josette Camilleri (2013)

Novel root-end filling materials are composed of tricalcium silicate (TCS) and radiopacifier as opposed to the traditional mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) which is made up of clinker derived from Portland cement and bismuth oxide. The aim of this research was to characterize and investigate the hydration of a tricalcium silicate-based proprietary brand cement (Biodentine™) and a laboratory manufactured cement made with a mixture of tricalcium silicate and zirconium oxide (TCS-20-Z) and compare their properties to MTA Angelus™. The materials investigated included a cement containing 80% of TCS and 20% zirconium oxide (TCS-20-Z), Biodentine™ and MTA Angelus™. The specific surface area and the particle size distribution of the un-hydrated cements and zirconium oxide were investigated using a gas adsorption method and scanning electron microscopy. Un-hydrated cements and set materials were tested for mineralogy and microstructure, assessment of bioactivity and hydration. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Rietveld refined X-ray diffraction and calorimetry were employed. The radiopacity of the materials was investigated using ISO 6876 methods. The un-hydrated cements were composed of tricalcium silicate and a radiopacifier phase; zirconium oxide for both Biodentine™ and TCS-20-Z whereas bismuth oxide for MTA Angelus™. In addition Biodentine™ contained calcium carbonate particles and MTA Angelus™ exhibited the presence of dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, calcium, aluminum and silicon oxides. TCS and MTA Angelus™ exhibited similar specific surface area while Biodentine™ had a greater specific surface area. The cements hydrated and produced some hydrates located either as reaction rim around the tricalcium silicate grain or in between the grains at the expense of volume containing the water initially present in the mixture. The rate of reaction of tricalcium calcium silicate was higher for Biodentine™ than for TCS-20-Z owing to its optimized particle size distribution, the presence of CaCO₃ and the use of CaCl₂. Tricalcium calcium silicate in MTA hydrated even more slowly than TCS-20-Z as evident from the size of reaction rim representative of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) around tricalcium silicate grains and the calorimetry measurements. On the other hand, calcium oxide contained in MTA Angelus™ hydrated very fast inducing an intense exothermic reaction. Calcium hydroxide was produced as a by-product of reaction in all hydrated cements but in greater quantities in MTA due to the hydration of calcium oxide. This lead to less dense microstructure than the one observed for both Biodentine™ and TCS-20-Z. All the materials were bioactive and allowed the deposition of hydroxyapatite on the cement surface in the presence of simulated body fluid and the radiopacity was greater than 3mm aluminum thickness. All the cement pastes tested were composed mainly of tricalcium silicate and a radiopacifier. The laboratory manufactured cement contained no other additives. Biodentine™ included calcium carbonate which together with the additives in the mixing liquid resulted in a material with enhanced chemical properties relative to TCS-20-Z prototype cement. On the other hand MTA Angelus™ displayed the presence of calcium, aluminum and silicon oxides in the un-hydrated powder. These phases are normally associated with the raw materials indicating that the clinker of MTA Angelus™ is incompletely sintered leading to a potential important variability in its mineralogy depending on the sintering conditions. As a consequence, the amount of tricalcium silicate is less than in the two other cements leading to a slower reaction rate and more porous microstructure. Copyright © 2013 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Mineral trioxide aggregate: a review of the constituents and biological properties of the material.

Mary J Camilleri, T Pitt (2006)

This paper reviews the literature on the constituents and biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). A Medline search was conducted. The first publication on the material was in November 1993. The Medline search identified 206 papers published from November 1993 to August 2005. Specific searches on constituents and biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate, however, yielded few publications. Initially all abstracts were read to identify which fitted one of the two categories required for this review, constituents or biocompatibility. Based on this assessment and a review of the papers, 13 were included in the constituent category and 53 in the biocompatibility category. Relatively few articles addressed the constituents of MTA, whilst cytological evaluation was the most widely used biocompatibility test.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Materials (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Materials (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): materials

Title: Materials

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1996-1944

Publication date (Electronic): 10 May 2020

Publication date Collection: May 2020

Volume: 13

Issue: 9

Electronic Location Identifier: 2189

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; james_3e@ 123456hotmail.it (J.G.); sanzjo@ 123456alumni.uv.es (J.L.S.); adrianlozano@ 123456mac.com (A.L.); llena@ 123456uv.es (C.L.); forner@ 123456uv.es (L.F.)

[2 ]Research Group Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant, Biomedical Research Institute, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; slg4850@ 123456gmail.com

[3 ]Department of Dermatology, Stomatology, Radiology and Physical Medicine, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; juliaguerrero1@ 123456hotmail.com (J.G.-G.); mpilar.pecci@ 123456gmail.com (M.P.P.-L.)

[4 ]Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; gspagnuo@ 123456unina.it

[5 ]Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russia

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: fcojavier@ 123456um.es ; Tel.: +34-868889518

Author information

José Luis Sanz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5438-8085

Julia Guerrero-Gironés https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1992-1056

María P. Pecci-Lloret https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0512-8831

Carmen Llena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3942-2820

Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Lozano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0623-740X

Leopoldo Forner https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8603-9883

Gianrico Spagnuolo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3769-9786

Article

Publisher ID: materials-13-02189

DOI: 10.3390/ma13092189

PMC ID: 7254305

PubMed ID: 32397585

SO-VID: e2b0c029-b0da-4b1d-abd0-a4a671c06e2b

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 10 April 2020

Date accepted : 08 May 2020

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Comparative Surface Morphology, Chemical Composition, and Cytocompatibility of Bio-C Repair, Biodentine, and ProRoot MTA on hDPCs

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Most cited references 47

Physicochemical basis of the biologic properties of mineral trioxide aggregate.

Investigation of the hydration and bioactivity of radiopacified tricalcium silicate cement, Biodentine and MTA Angelus.

Mineral trioxide aggregate: a review of the constituents and biological properties of the material.

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