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      Trophic structure of a nektobenthic community exploited by a multispecific bottom trawling fishery in Northeastern Brazil

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          Abstract

          We used complementary stable isotope (SIA) and stomach content (SCA) analyses to investigate feeding relationships among species of the nektobenthic communities and the potential ecological effects of the bottom trawling of a coastal ecosystem in northeastern Brazil. Carbon (δ 13C) and nitrogen (δ 15N) compositions were determined for five basal sources and 28 consumers, from zooplankton to shrimp and fish species. Fishes and basal sources showed a broad range of δ 15N (fishes: 6.49–14.94‰; sources: 2.58–6.79‰) and δ 13C values (fishes: -23.86 to -13.71‰; sources: -24.32 to -13.53‰), while shrimps and crabs exhibited similar nitrogen and carbon ratios. Six trophic consumer groups were determined among zooplankton, crustaceans and fishes by SIA, with trophic pathways associated mostly with benthic sources. SCA results indicated a preference for benthic invertebrates, mainly worms, crabs and shrimps, as prey for the fish fauna, highlighting their importance in the food web. In overall, differences between SCA and the SIA approaches were observed, except for groups composed mainly for shrimps and some species of high δ 15N values, mostly piscivorous and zoobenthivores. Given the absence of regulation for bottom trawling activities in the area, the cumulative effects of trawling on population parameters, species composition, potentially decreasing the abundance of benthic preys (e.g., shrimps, worms and crabs) may lead to changes in the trophic structure potentially affect the food web and the sustainability of the fishery.

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          Occurrence of the potent mutagens 2- nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone in fine airborne particles

          Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are known due to their mutagenic activity. Among them, 2-nitrobenzanthrone (2-NBA) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) are considered as two of the most potent mutagens found in atmospheric particles. In the present study 2-NBA, 3-NBA and selected PAHs and Nitro-PAHs were determined in fine particle samples (PM 2.5) collected in a bus station and an outdoor site. The fuel used by buses was a diesel-biodiesel (96:4) blend and light-duty vehicles run with any ethanol-to-gasoline proportion. The concentrations of 2-NBA and 3-NBA were, on average, under 14.8 µg g−1 and 4.39 µg g−1, respectively. In order to access the main sources and formation routes of these compounds, we performed ternary correlations and multivariate statistical analyses. The main sources for the studied compounds in the bus station were diesel/biodiesel exhaust followed by floor resuspension. In the coastal site, vehicular emission, photochemical formation and wood combustion were the main sources for 2-NBA and 3-NBA as well as the other PACs. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were calculated for both places, which presented low values, showing low cancer risk incidence although the ILCR values for the bus station were around 2.5 times higher than the ILCR from the coastal site.
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              Fishing down marine food webs

              The mean trophic level of the species groups reported in Food and Agricultural Organization global fisheries statistics declined from 1950 to 1994. This reflects a gradual transition in landings from long-lived, high trophic level, piscivorous bottom fish toward short-lived, low trophic level invertebrates and planktivorous pelagic fish. This effect, also found to be occurring in inland fisheries, is most pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere. Fishing down food webs (that is, at lower trophic levels) leads at first to increasing catches, then to a phase transition associated with stagnating or declining catches. These results indicate that present exploitation patterns are unsustainable.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Investigation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                8 February 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 2
                : e0246491
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
                [2 ] IRD, Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
                [3 ] Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM110, Marseille, France
                [4 ] MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095, Montpellier, France
                [5 ] Departamento de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Bentos (LABEN), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
                Universita del Salento, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1734-1875
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5496-7706
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3372-6997
                Article
                PONE-D-20-26717
                10.1371/journal.pone.0246491
                7870051
                33556099
                e66d6749-7785-4365-a348-29fde831d6bf
                © 2021 Lira et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 25 August 2020
                : 19 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Pages: 18
                Funding
                Funded by: l’Institut de Recherche pour le Developement
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: CNPq 407125/2013-2
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: INCT - Ambientes Marinhos Tropicai
                Award ID: CNPq Process 565054
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: SHRIMP_NNE
                Award ID: CNPq Process 445766/2015-8
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: LMI TAPIOCA and program CAPES/COFECUB
                Award ID: 88881.142689/2017-01
                Award Recipient :
                This research was financially supported by l’Institut de Recherche pour le Developement (IRD) to provide the publication charges; and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq 407125/2013-2) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) by student scholarship to Valdimere Ferreira, Júlio Guazzelli Gonzalez and Alex Souza Lira and research grant to Flávia Lucena Frédou. This study is also a contribution to INCT - Ambientes Marinhos Tropicais (CNPq Process 565054), SHRIMP_NNE (CNPq Process 445766/2015-8), the LMI TAPIOCA and program CAPES/COFECUB (88881.142689/2017-01). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Crustaceans
                Shrimp
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Crustaceans
                Shrimp
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