An atypical orthologue of 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase can provide the missing link in the folate biosynthesis pathway of malaria parasites

Abstract

Folate metabolism in malaria parasites is a long-standing, clinical target for chemotherapy and prophylaxis. However, despite determination of the complete genome sequence of the lethal species Plasmodium falciparum, the pathway of de novo folate biosynthesis remains incomplete, as no candidate gene for dihydroneopterin aldolase (DHNA) could be identified. This enzyme catalyses the third step in the well-characterized pathway of plants, bacteria, and those eukaryotic microorganisms capable of synthesizing their own folate. Utilizing bioinformatics searches based on both primary and higher protein structures, together with biochemical assays, we demonstrate that P. falciparum cell extracts lack detectable DHNA activity, but that the parasite possesses an unusual orthologue of 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS), which simultaneously gives rise to two products in comparable amounts, the predominant of which is 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin, the substrate for the fourth step in folate biosynthesis (catalysed by 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase; PPPK). This can provide a bypass for the missing DHNA activity and thus a means of completing the biosynthetic pathway from GTP to dihydrofolate. Supported by site-directed mutagenesis experiments, we ascribe the novel catalytic activity of the malarial PTPS to a Cys to Glu change at its active site relative to all previously characterized PTPS molecules, including that of the human host.