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      The Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Multidrug Resistance in Thermophilic Campylobacter Spp. Isolated from Dogs

      research-article
      Author(s): * , 1
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Open Life Sciences
      Publisher: De Gruyter
      Keywords: campylobacteriosis, antibiotics, toxin CDT, virulence genes

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          Abstract

          The aim of the study was to determine the role of dogs as a potential reservoir of Campylobacter spp. At the next stage of the research the frequency of occurrence of selected virulence genes, i.e. cadF, flaA and iam as well as genes responsible for the formation the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), i.e. cdtA, cdtB and cdtC was determined. The isolates obtained in the research were tested for their resistance to selected antibiotics: ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (EF), erythromycin (E) and tetracycline (TE). Campylobacter spp. was found in 63 (12.6%) out of a total number of 500 isolates. 61 (12.2%) isolates were identified as C. jejuni. The number of C. jejuni isolates found in the younger animals was smaller ( p <0.05) than in the older ones. The frequency of occurrence of virulence genes and the genes responsible for the formation of CDT was significantly ( p <0.05) higher in the older dogs. A comparison of the effect of antibiotics showed that the isolates obtained from both age groups exhibited low resistance to erythrosine (13.5% in the group aged under 1 year and 8.6% in the group aged over 1 year). Both groups exhibited the highest resistance to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin.

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          The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food‐borne outbreaks in 2016

          (2017)
          Abstract This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of the zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2016 in 37 European countries (28 Member States (MS) and nine non‐MS). Campylobacteriosis was the most commonly reported zoonosis and the increasing European Union (EU) trend for confirmed human cases since 2008 stabilised during 2012–2016. In food, the occurrence of Campylobacter remained high in broiler meat. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed human salmonellosis cases since 2008 ended during 2012–2016, and the proportion of human Salmonella Enteritidis cases increased. Most MS met their Salmonella reduction targets for poultry, except five MS for laying hens. At primary production level, the EU‐level flock prevalence of target Salmonella serovars in breeding hens, broilers, breeding and fattening turkeys decreased or stabilised compared with previous years but the EU prevalence of S. Enteritidis in laying hens significantly increased. In foodstuffs, the EU‐level Salmonella non‐compliance for minced meat and meat preparations from poultry was low. The number of human listeriosis confirmed cases further increased in 2016, despite the fact that Listeria seldom exceeds the EU food safety limit in ready‐to‐eat foods. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed yersiniosis cases since 2008 stabilised during 2012–2016, and also the number of confirmed Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in humans was stable. In total, 4,786 food‐borne outbreaks, including waterborne outbreaks, were reported. Salmonella was the most commonly detected causative agent – with one out of six outbreaks due to S. Enteritidis – followed by other bacteria, bacterial toxins and viruses. Salmonella in eggs continued to represent the highest risk agent/food combination. The report further summarises trends and sources for bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, trichinellosis, echinococcosis, toxoplasmosis, rabies, Q fever, West Nile fever and tularaemia.
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            Campylobacter.

            John E Moore, Deborah Corcoran, James Dooley … (2015)
            Species within the genus, Campylobacter, have emerged over the last three decades as significant clinical pathogens, particularly of human public health concern, where the majority of acute bacterial enteritis in the Western world is due to these organisms. Of particular concern are the species, C. jejuni and C. coli, which are responsible for most of these gastrointestinal-related infections. Although these organisms have already emerged as causative agents of zoonoses, several aspects of their epidemiology and pathophysiology are only beginning to emerge. Trends in increasing antibiotic resistance are beginning to emerge with oral antibiotics, which may be the drug of choice for when it is necessary to intervene chemotherapeutically. This review wishes to examine (i) emerging clinical aspects of the disease, such as Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS), (ii) the association between these organisms and poultry as a natural host, (iii) environmental aspects of Campylobacter epidemiology, (iv) the emergence of atypical campylobacters (v) emerging trends in antibiotic resistance, (vi) adoption of modern methods for the detection of campylobacters.
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              Global Fluoroquinolone Resistance Epidemiology and Implictions for Clinical Use

              Axel Dalhoff (2012)
              This paper on the fluoroquinolone resistance epidemiology stratifies the data according to the different prescription patterns by either primary or tertiary caregivers and by indication. Global surveillance studies demonstrate that fluoroquinolone resistance rates increased in the past years in almost all bacterial species except S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections. However, 10 to 30% of these isolates harbored first-step mutations conferring low level fluoroquinolone resistance. Fluoroquinolone resistance increased in Enterobacteriaceae causing community acquired or healthcare associated urinary tract infections and intraabdominal infections, exceeding 50% in some parts of the world, particularly in Asia. One to two-thirds of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended spectrum β-lactamases were fluoroquinolone resistant too. Furthermore, fluoroquinolones select for methicillin resistance in Staphylococci. Neisseria gonorrhoeae acquired fluoroquinolone resistance rapidly; actual resistance rates are highly variable and can be as high as almost 100%, particularly in Asia, whereas resistance rates in Europe and North America range from 30% in established sexual networks. In general, the continued increase in fluoroquinolone resistance affects patient management and necessitates changes in some guidelines, for example, treatment of urinary tract, intra-abdominal, skin and skin structure infections, and traveller's diarrhea, or even precludes the use in indications like sexually transmitted diseases and enteric fever.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Open Life Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Open Life Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): biol
                Journal ID (pmc): biol
                Title: Open Life Sciences
                Publisher: De Gruyter
                ISSN (Electronic): 2391-5412
                Publication date Collection: January 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 December 2019
                Volume: 14
                Pages: 681-687
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Szydłowska 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: biol-2019-0077
                DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0077
                PMC ID: 7874824
                SO-VID: e794a208-1664-4188-9cc9-3d9d34799d45
                Copyright © © 2019 Marek Selwet published by De Gruyter
                License:

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

                History
                Date received : 16 September 2019
                Date accepted : 16 December 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 7
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: campylobacteriosis,antibiotics,toxin cdt,virulence genes
                Data availability:
                Keywords: campylobacteriosis, antibiotics, toxin cdt, virulence genes

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