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      Endogenous retroviruses in the origins and treatment of cancer

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , , 1 , 2 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Genome Biology
      Publisher: BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are emerging as promising therapeutic targets in cancer. As remnants of ancient retroviral infections, ERV-derived regulatory elements coordinate expression from gene networks, including those underpinning embryogenesis and immune cell function. ERV activation can promote an interferon response, a phenomenon termed viral mimicry. Although ERV expression is associated with cancer, and provisionally with autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, ERV-mediated inflammation is being explored as a way to sensitize tumors to immunotherapy. Here we review ERV co-option in development and innate immunity, the aberrant contribution of ERVs to tumorigenesis, and the wider biomedical potential of therapies directed at ERVs.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-021-02357-4.

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          Most cited references189

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          Improved Survival with Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma

          F. Stephen Hodi, Steven J O'Day, David F McDermott … (2010)
          An improvement in overall survival among patients with metastatic melanoma has been an elusive goal. In this phase 3 study, ipilimumab--which blocks cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 to potentiate an antitumor T-cell response--administered with or without a glycoprotein 100 (gp100) peptide vaccine was compared with gp100 alone in patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma. A total of 676 HLA-A*0201-positive patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma, whose disease had progressed while they were receiving therapy for metastatic disease, were randomly assigned, in a 3:1:1 ratio, to receive ipilimumab plus gp100 (403 patients), ipilimumab alone (137), or gp100 alone (136). Ipilimumab, at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram of body weight, was administered with or without gp100 every 3 weeks for up to four treatments (induction). Eligible patients could receive reinduction therapy. The primary end point was overall survival. The median overall survival was 10.0 months among patients receiving ipilimumab plus gp100, as compared with 6.4 months among patients receiving gp100 alone (hazard ratio for death, 0.68; P<0.001). The median overall survival with ipilimumab alone was 10.1 months (hazard ratio for death in the comparison with gp100 alone, 0.66; P=0.003). No difference in overall survival was detected between the ipilimumab groups (hazard ratio with ipilimumab plus gp100, 1.04; P=0.76). Grade 3 or 4 immune-related adverse events occurred in 10 to 15% of patients treated with ipilimumab and in 3% treated with gp100 alone. There were 14 deaths related to the study drugs (2.1%), and 7 were associated with immune-related adverse events. Ipilimumab, with or without a gp100 peptide vaccine, as compared with gp100 alone, improved overall survival in patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma. Adverse events can be severe, long-lasting, or both, but most are reversible with appropriate treatment. (Funded by Medarex and Bristol-Myers Squibb; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00094653.)
          Article 0 comments Cited 2098 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

            E. S. Lander, L M Linton, B Birren … (2001)
            The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1591 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Primary, Adaptive, and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy.

              Padmanee Sharma, Siwen Hu-Lieskovan, Jennifer A. Wargo … (2017)
              Cancer immunotherapy can induce long lasting responses in patients with metastatic cancers of a wide range of histologies. Broadening the clinical applicability of these treatments requires an improved understanding of the mechanisms limiting cancer immunotherapy. The interactions between the immune system and cancer cells are continuous, dynamic, and evolving from the initial establishment of a cancer cell to the development of metastatic disease, which is dependent on immune evasion. As the molecular mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy are elucidated, actionable strategies to prevent or treat them may be derived to improve clinical outcomes for patients.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1490 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Natasha Jansz: natasha.jansz@mater.uq.edu.au
                Geoffrey J. Faulkner:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-4494
                faulknergj@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genome Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genome Biol
                Title: Genome Biology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Print): 1474-7596
                ISSN (Electronic): 1474-760X
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 May 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 May 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 22
                Electronic Location Identifier: 147
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.1003.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, ; TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
                [2 ]GRID grid.1003.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, Queensland Brain Institute, , University of Queensland, ; Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-4494
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2357
                DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02357-4
                PMC ID: 8108463
                PubMed ID: 33971937
                SO-VID: e9f0247b-8ff7-4d87-91bc-0064fc8588e1
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 17 February 2021
                Date accepted : 21 April 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000925, National Health and Medical Research Council;
                Award ID: GNT1176574
                Award ID: GNT1173711
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008322, CSL Behring;
                Award ID: N/A
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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