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      Effects of two programs of exercise on body composition of adolescents with Down syndrome Translated title: Efectos de dos programas de ejercicios en la composición corporal de adolescentes con síndrome de Down

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          To investigate the effects of a 12 week aerobic and resistance exercise on body composition of adolescents with Down syndrome.

          Methods:

          A quasi-experimental study with 41 adolescents with Down syndrome, aged 15.5±2.7 years, divided into three groups: Aerobic Training Group (ATG; n=16), Resisted Training Group (RTG; n=15) and Control Group (CG; n=10). There were two types of training: aerobic, with intensity of 50-70% of the heart rate reserve 3 times/week, and resisted, with intensity of 12 maximum repetitions 2 times week. Both trainings were applied during a 12-week period. The percentage of fat evaluation was performed using plethysmography with Bod Pod (r) equipment. Waist circumference (WC), body weight and height were also measured. Paired t-test was used to compare variables before and after the exercise program.

          Results:

          The percentage of body fat did not change significantly for both groups that participated in the training intervention. However, CG showed a significant increase in this variable (31.3±7.2 versus 34.0±7.9). On the other hand, body mass index (BMI) and WC were significantly reduced for ATG (BMI: 27.0±4.4 and 26.5±4.2; WC: 87.3±11.1 and 86.2±9.7), while RTG and GC showed no differences in these variables.

          Conclusions:

          The aerobic and resisted training programs maintained body fat levels. ATG significantly reduced BMI and WC measures. Individuals who did not attend the training intervention increased their percentage of fat.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo:

          Analizar los efectos del ejercicio aeróbico y resistido en la composición corporal de adolescentes con síndrome de Down.

          Métodos

          : Estudio casi experimental con 41 adolescentes con síndrome de Down, con edades de 15,7±2,7 años, divididos en tres grupos: Grupo Entrenamiento Aeróbico (GEA; n=16), Grupo Entrenamiento Resistido (GER; n=15) y Grupo Control (GC; n=10). Se realizaron dos tipos de entrenamiento: el aeróbico, con intensidad de 50 a 70% de la frecuencia cardiaca de reserva, y el resistido, con intensidad de 12 repeticiones máximas. La evaluación del porcentaje de grasa se realizó por pletismografía con equipo Bod Pod (r). Se midieron además las variables antropométricas de circunferencia abdominal (CA), masa corporal y estatura. Los datos fueron inicialmente tratados por estadística descriptiva, utilizando la prueba de t pareada para la comparación de las variables analizadas.

          Resultados

          : El porcentaje de grasa corporal no se alteró en los grupos que participaron del entrenamiento; sin embargo, el GC presentó aumento significativo de esa variable (31,3±7,2 versus 34,0±7,9). Por otra parte, la CA y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) se redujeron de manera significante para el GEA (IMC: 27,0±4,4 y 26,5±4,2; CA: 87,3±11,1 y 86,2±9,7), mientras que el GER y el GC no presentaron diferencias en esas variables.

          Conclusiones

          : Los programas de entrenamiento aeróbico y resistido mantuvieron los niveles de grasa corporal y el GEA redujo de modo significativo las medidas de IMC y de CA. Los individuos que no participaron del entrenamiento tuvieron su porcentaje de grasa aumentada.

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          Most cited references56

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          Physical Activity and Public Health: Updated Recommendation for Adults From the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association

          In 1995 the American College of Sports Medicine and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published national guidelines on Physical Activity and Public Health. The Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the American Heart Association endorsed and supported these recommendations. The purpose of the present report is to update and clarify the 1995 recommendations on the types and amounts of physical activity needed by healthy adults to improve and maintain health. Development of this document was by an expert panel of scientists, including physicians, epidemiologists, exercise scientists, and public health specialists. This panel reviewed advances in pertinent physiologic, epidemiologic, and clinical scientific data, including primary research articles and reviews published since the original recommendation was issued in 1995. Issues considered by the panel included new scientific evidence relating physical activity to health, physical activity recommendations by various organizations in the interim, and communications issues. Key points related to updating the physical activity recommendation were outlined and writing groups were formed. A draft manuscript was prepared and circulated for review to the expert panel as well as to outside experts. Comments were integrated into the final recommendation. To promote and maintain health, all healthy adults aged 18 to 65 yr need moderate-intensity aerobic (endurance) physical activity for a minimum of 30 min on five days each week or vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity for a minimum of 20 min on three days each week. [I (A)] Combinations of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity can be performed to meet this recommendation. [IIa (B)] For example, a person can meet the recommendation by walking briskly for 30 min twice during the week and then jogging for 20 min on two other days. Moderate-intensity aerobic activity, which is generally equivalent to a brisk walk and noticeably accelerates the heart rate, can be accumulated toward the 30-min minimum by performing bouts each lasting 10 or more minutes. [I (B)] Vigorous-intensity activity is exemplified by jogging, and causes rapid breathing and a substantial increase in heart rate. In addition, every adult should perform activities that maintain or increase muscular strength and endurance a minimum of two days each week. [IIa (A)] Because of the dose-response relation between physical activity and health, persons who wish to further improve their personal fitness, reduce their risk for chronic diseases and disabilities or prevent unhealthy weight gain may benefit by exceeding the minimum recommended amounts of physical activity. [I (A)]
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            Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European-American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents.

            To describe and provide estimates of the distribution of waist circumference (WC) according to percentiles in African-, European-, and Mexican-American children, and to test for group differences at different percentiles. Cross-sectional data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) were examined. The sample evaluated included 9713 nonpregnant persons 2 to 18 years of age with measured values of WCs. Age-, sex-, and ethnicity-specific percentiles were estimated via percentile regression. WC measurements increased in a monotonic fashion across ages but at nonconstant rates and in a manner that varied across age and sex. At higher percentiles of the distribution, estimates of WC differ between Mexican-American (MA) and European-American (EA) and between African-American (AA) and European-American (EA), and, in some cases, exceeded the adult cutoff value for obesity-related disease risk at as early as 13 years of age. Age-, sex-, and ethnicity-specific WC percentiles are available for US children and adolescents and can be used as an assessment tool that could impact public health recommendations. Results suggest concern with respect to high WC values among certain ethnic groups.
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              Worldwide variability in physical inactivity a 51-country survey.

              Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for chronic diseases, but for many (mainly developing) countries, no prevalence data have ever been published. To present data on the prevalence of physical inactivity for 51 countries and for different age groups and settings across these countries. Data analysis (conducted in 2007) included data from 212,021 adult participants whose questionnaires were culled from 259,526 adult observations from 51 countries participating in the World Health Survey (2002-2003). The validated International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess days and duration of vigorous, moderate, and walking activities during the last 7 days. Country prevalence of physical inactivity ranged from 1.6% (Comoros) to 51.7% (Mauritania) for men and from 3.8% (Comoros) to 71.2% (Mauritania) for women. Physical inactivity was generally high for older age groups and lower in rural as compared to urban areas. Overall, about 15% of men and 20% of women from the 51 countries analyzed here (most of which are developing countries) are at risk for chronic diseases due to physical inactivity. There were substantial variations across countries and settings. The baseline information on the magnitude of the problem of physical inactivity provided by this study can help countries and health policymakers to set up interventions addressing the global chronic disease epidemic.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Revista Paulista de Pediatria
                Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo
                0103-0582
                1984-0462
                March 2014
                March 2014
                : 32
                : 1
                : 92-98
                Affiliations
                [1 ]UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
                Author notes
                Endereço para correspondência: Bruna Barboza Seron Rua Benjamin Constant, 1.985, apto. 501 CEP 86020-320 - Londrina/PR E-mail: bruna89@ 123456msn.com

                Conflito de interesse: nada a declarar

                Article
                S0103-05822014000100092
                10.1590/S0103-05822014000100015
                4182986
                24676196
                ea3e0556-4417-4b57-9298-5121c8fc343e

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 23 June 2013
                : 30 August 2013
                Page count
                Tables: 2, References: 32, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Original Article

                down syndrome,body composition,exercise,adolescent,síndrome de down,composição corporal,exercício,adolescente

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