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      Variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes Translated title: Analyse des variantes du génome de SARS-CoV-2 Translated title: Análisis de variantes de los genomas del SARS-CoV-2 Translated title: تحليل الأشكال المختلفة لجينومات مرض سارس كوف 2 Translated title: 严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 基因组的变异体分析 Translated title: Анализ вариантов геномов SARS-CoV-2

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To analyse genome variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).

          Methods

          Between 1 February and 1 May 2020, we downloaded 10 022 SARS CoV-2 genomes from four databases. The genomes were from infected patients in 68 countries. We identified variants by extracting pairwise alignment to the reference genome NC_045512, using the EMBOSS needle. Nucleotide variants in the coding regions were converted to corresponding encoded amino acid residues. For clade analysis, we used the open source software Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees, version 2.5.

          Findings

          We identified 5775 distinct genome variants, including 2969 missense mutations, 1965 synonymous mutations, 484 mutations in the non-coding regions, 142 non-coding deletions, 100 in-frame deletions, 66 non-coding insertions, 36 stop-gained variants, 11 frameshift deletions and two in-frame insertions. The most common variants were the synonymous 3037C > T (6334 samples), P4715L in the open reading frame 1ab (6319 samples) and D614G in the spike protein (6294 samples). We identified six major clades, (that is, basal, D614G, L84S, L3606F, D448del and G392D) and 14 subclades. Regarding the base changes, the C > T mutation was the most common with 1670 distinct variants.

          Conclusion

          We found that several variants of the SARS-CoV-2 genome exist and that the D614G clade has become the most common variant since December 2019. The evolutionary analysis indicated structured transmission, with the possibility of multiple introductions into the population.

          Résumé

          Objectif

          Analyser les variantes du génome de coronavirus 2 du syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SARS-CoV-2).

          Méthodes

          Entre le 1 er février et le 1 er mai 2020, nous avons téléchargé 10 022 génomes de SARS CoV-2 issus de quatre bases de données. Ces génomes provenaient de patients infectés originaires de 68 pays. Nous avons identifié les variantes en procédant à un alignement par paires avec la séquence de référence NC_045512, à l'aide de l'outil EMBOSS Needle. Les variantes de nucléotides dans les régions codantes ont été converties en résidus d'acides aminés codés correspondants. Enfin, pour analyser le clade, nous avons employé un logiciel open source appelé Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis by Sampling Trees, version 2.5.

          Résultats

          Nous avons détecté 5775 variantes de génome distinctes, dont 2969 mutations faux-sens, 1965 mutations synonymes, 484 mutations dans les régions non codantes, 142 délétions non codantes, 100 délétions sans décalage du cadre de lecture, 66 insertions non codantes, 36 variantes de codon stop, 11 délétions entraînant un décalage du cadre de lecture, et 2 insertions sans décalage du cadre de lecture. Les variantes les plus fréquentes étaient les synonymes 3037C > T (6334 échantillons), P4715L dans le cadre ouvert de lecture 1ab (6319 échantillons) et D614G dans la protéine de spicule (6294 échantillons). Nous avons identifié six clades majeurs (à savoir, de base, D614G, L84S, L3606F, D448del et G392D) et 14 sous-clades. Quant aux changements de base, la mutation C > T était la plus répandue avec 1670 variantes distinctes.

          Conclusion

          Nous avons constaté qu'il existait de nombreuses variantes du génome de SARS-CoV-2, et que le clade D614G était devenu la variante la plus commune depuis décembre 2019. L'analyse évolutive a indiqué une transmission structurée, avec une possibilité d'introductions multiples au sein de la population.

          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Analizar las variantes del genoma del coronavirus tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2).

          Métodos

          Entre el 1 de febrero y el 1 de mayo de 2020, se registraron 10 022 genomas del CoV-2 del SARS en cuatro bases de datos. Los genomas eran de pacientes infectados ubicados en 68 países. Se identificaron variantes al extraer la alineación por pares del genoma de referencia NC_045512, por medio de EMBOSS Needle. Las variantes de los nucleótidos en las regiones codificantes se convirtieron en los correspondientes residuos de aminoácidos codificados. Para analizar los clados, se utilizó el programa informático de código abierto Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees, versión 2.5.

          Resultados

          Se identificaron 5775 variaciones diferentes del genoma, incluidas 2969 mutaciones con cambio de sentido, 1965 mutaciones sinónimas, 484 mutaciones en las regiones no codificantes, 142 supresiones no codificantes, 100 supresiones en la fase, 66 inserciones no codificantes, 36 variaciones de parada prematuras ( stop-gained), 11 supresiones de desplazamiento de fase y dos inserciones en la fase. Las variaciones más comunes eran las sinónimas 3037C > T (6334 muestras), P4715L en la fase abierta de lectura 1ab (6319 muestras) y D614G en la proteína S (6294 muestras). Se identificaron seis clados principales, (es decir, basal, D614G, L84S, L3606F, D448del y G392D) y 14 subclados. En relación con los cambios de base, la mutación C > T fue la más común con 1670 variaciones diferentes.

          Conclusión

          Se determinó que existen diversas variaciones del genoma del SARS-CoV-2 y que el clado D614G es la variante más común desde diciembre de 2019. El análisis evolutivo indicó una transmisión estructurada, en la que existe la posibilidad de que se realicen múltiples inserciones en la población.

          ملخص

          الغرض تحليل الأشكال المختلفة لجينوم المتلازمة التنفسية الحادة الشديدة المعروفة باسم كورونا فيروس 2 (سارس كوف 2).

          الطريقة خلال الفترة ما بين 1 فبراير/شباط، و1 مايو/أيار 2020، قمنا بتنزيل 10022 من جينوم سارس كوف 2 من أربع قواعد بيانات. كانت الجينومات من المرضى حاملي العدوى في 68 دولة. قمنا بتحديد أشكال مختلفة عن طريق استخلاص تنسيق على شكل زوجي من الجينوم المرجعي NC_045512، باستخدام إبرة EMBOSS. تم تحويل الأشكال المختلفة من النيوكليتويد في مناطق الترميز إلى بقايا الحمض الأميني المشفر المقابل. وبالنسبة لتحليل كليد، فقد استخدمنا تحليل بايزان المتطور لبرنامج المصدر المفتوح، عن طريق تفرعات العينات، الإصدار 2.5.

          النتائج حددنا 5775 شكلاً مختلفاً ومتميزاً من الجينوم، بما في ذلك 2969 طفرة مُغلطة، و1965 طفرة متشابهة، و484 طفرة في المناطق غير المشفرة، و142 حالة حذف غير مشفرة، و100 حالة حذف في الإطار، و66 إدخال غير مشفر، و36 شكلاً مكتسبًا موقوفاً، و11 حالة حذف لإزاحة الإطار، وعمليتي إدراج داخل الإطار. كانت أكثر الأشكال المختلفة شيوعاً هي المشابه 3037C > T (6334 عينة)، وP4715L في إطار القراءة المفتوحة 1ab (6319 عينة)، وD614G في بروتين الشوكي (6294 عينة). قمنا بتحديد ستة عوامل كليد أساسية (وهي القاعدي، وD614G، وL84S، وL3606FK، D448del، وG392D)، و14 عاملاً فرعياً من كليد. وبخصوص التغييرات القاعدية، فإن طفرة C > T، كانت الأكثر شيوعاً في 1670 شكلاً مختلفاً ومتميزاً.

          الاستنتاج لقد اكتشفنا أن هناك العديد من الأشكال المختلفة من جينوم سارس كوف 2، وأن كليد D614G قد أصبح الشكل المختلف الأكثر شيوعاً منذ ديسمبر/كانون أول 2019. أشار التحليل المتطور إلى انتقال منظم، مع إمكانية الظهور المتعدد في السكان.

          摘要

          目的

          旨在分析严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 的基因组变异体情况。

          方法

          在 2020 年 2 月 1 日至 5 月 1 日期间,我们从四个数据库下载了 10,022 个严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 基因组。这些基因组来自 68 个国家的感染患者。我们通过使用凸出针提取参考基因组 NC_045512 的成对序列比对来确定变异体。编码区的核苷酸变体被转化为相应的编码氨基酸残基。我们使用基于抽样树的开源软件贝叶斯演化分析(2.5 版)进行支系分析。

          结果

          我们确定了 5775 个不同的基因组变异体,包括 2969 个错义突变、1965 个同义突变、484 个非编码区突变、142 个非编码缺失、100 个框架内缺失、66 个非编码插入、36 个止损变异体、11 个移码缺失和 2 个框架内插入。最常见的变异是同义 3037C > T(6334 个样本)、开放阅读框 1ab 中的 P4715L(6319 个样本)和纤突蛋白中的 D614G(6294 个样本)。我们确定了 6 大主要分支(即,基底、D614G、L84S、L3606F、D448del 和 G392D)和 14 个子分支。在基底变化方面,以 C > T 突变最为常见,共有 1670 个不同的变异体。

          结论

          我们发现严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 基因组存在多种变异体,其中 D614G 支系自 2019 年 12 月以来已成为最常见的变异体。演化分析表明,这是一种结构化传播,有可能多次传入人群中。

          Резюме

          Цель

          Проанализировать варианты геномов тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома, вызванного коронавирусом‑2 (SARS-CoV-2).

          Методы

          В период между 1 февраля и 1 мая 2020 года авторы загрузили данные по 10 022 геномам вируса SARS CoV-2 из четырех баз данных. Геномы принадлежали инфицированным пациентам из 68 стран. Авторы идентифицировали варианты, извлекая и попарно сравнивая последовательности с эталонным геномом NC_045512, используя набор инструментов EMBOSS. Варианты нуклеотидной последовательности в кодирующих участках были преобразованы в соответствующие кодируемые аминокислотные остатки. Для анализа клад использовалось программное обеспечение с открытым кодом для байесовского эволюционного анализа деревьев выборки, версия 2.5.

          Результаты

          Было идентифицировано 5775 четких вариантов генома, в том числе 2969 миссенс-мутаций, 1965 синонимичных мутаций, 484 мутации в некодирующих участках, 142 некодирующие делеции, 100 делеций внутри рамки считывания, 66 некодирующих вставок, 36 вариантов изменения последовательности ДНК с новым стоп-кодоном, 11 делеций со сдвигом рамки и две вставки внутри рамки считывания. Чаще всего встречались синонимичная замена 3037C > T (6334 образца), P4715L в открытой рамке считывания 1ab (6319 образцов) и D614G в белке «шипа» (6294 образца). Было выявлено шесть основных клад (базовая, D614G, L84S, L3606F, D448del и G392D) и 14 субклад. Что касается замены оснований, наиболее частой была мутация с заменой цитозина на тимин (C>T), которая встречалась в 1670 вариантах.

          Вывод

          Авторы обнаружили существование нескольких вариантов генома SARS-CoV-2 и выяснили, что с декабря 2019 года наиболее распространенным вариантом является клада D614G. Эволюционный анализ продемонстрировал структурированную передачу генетических данных с возможностью многократной интродукции в популяцию.

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          Most cited references15

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          Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

          Abstract Background Since December 2019, when coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China, data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients. Methods We extracted data regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China through January 29, 2020. The primary composite end point was admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, or death. Results The median age of the patients was 47 years; 41.9% of the patients were female. The primary composite end point occurred in 67 patients (6.1%), including 5.0% who were admitted to the ICU, 2.3% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 1.4% who died. Only 1.9% of the patients had a history of direct contact with wildlife. Among nonresidents of Wuhan, 72.3% had contact with residents of Wuhan, including 31.3% who had visited the city. The most common symptoms were fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8%). The median incubation period was 4 days (interquartile range, 2 to 7). On admission, ground-glass opacity was the most common radiologic finding on chest computed tomography (CT) (56.4%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 157 of 877 patients (17.9%) with nonsevere disease and in 5 of 173 patients (2.9%) with severe disease. Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2% of the patients on admission. Conclusions During the first 2 months of the current outbreak, Covid-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings. (Funded by the National Health Commission of China and others.)
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            SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

            Summary The recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized SARS-2-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
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              Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

              Summary Background In December, 2019, a pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emerged in Wuhan, China. We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Methods In this retrospective, single-centre study, we included all confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital from Jan 1 to Jan 20, 2020. Cases were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and were analysed for epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and radiological features and laboratory data. Outcomes were followed up until Jan 25, 2020. Findings Of the 99 patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia, 49 (49%) had a history of exposure to the Huanan seafood market. The average age of the patients was 55·5 years (SD 13·1), including 67 men and 32 women. 2019-nCoV was detected in all patients by real-time RT-PCR. 50 (51%) patients had chronic diseases. Patients had clinical manifestations of fever (82 [83%] patients), cough (81 [82%] patients), shortness of breath (31 [31%] patients), muscle ache (11 [11%] patients), confusion (nine [9%] patients), headache (eight [8%] patients), sore throat (five [5%] patients), rhinorrhoea (four [4%] patients), chest pain (two [2%] patients), diarrhoea (two [2%] patients), and nausea and vomiting (one [1%] patient). According to imaging examination, 74 (75%) patients showed bilateral pneumonia, 14 (14%) patients showed multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity, and one (1%) patient had pneumothorax. 17 (17%) patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and, among them, 11 (11%) patients worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection was of clustering onset, is more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, and can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. In general, characteristics of patients who died were in line with the MuLBSTA score, an early warning model for predicting mortality in viral pneumonia. Further investigation is needed to explore the applicability of the MuLBSTA score in predicting the risk of mortality in 2019-nCoV infection. Funding National Key R&D Program of China.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Bull World Health Organ
                Bull. World Health Organ
                BLT
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                World Health Organization
                0042-9686
                1564-0604
                01 July 2020
                02 June 2020
                : 98
                : 7
                : 495-504
                Affiliations
                [a ]IBM TJ Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Rd, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States of America.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Takahiko Koyama (email: tkoyama@ 123456us.ibm.com ).
                Article
                BLT.20.253591
                10.2471/BLT.20.253591
                7375210
                32742035
                ea5ac641-2218-4636-bc68-43d9ad4e4a88
                (c) 2020 The authors; licensee World Health Organization.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/legalcode), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that WHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.

                History
                : 22 February 2020
                : 13 May 2020
                : 13 May 2020
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                Research

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