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      Johann Joseph Oppel (1855) on Geometrical–Optical Illusions: A Translation and Commentary

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          Abstract

          The term geometrical–optical illusions was coined by Johann Joseph Oppel (1815–1894) in 1855 in order to distinguish spatial distortions of size and orientation from the broader illusions of the senses. We present a translation of Oppel’s article and a commentary on the material described in it. Oppel did much more than give a name to a class of visual spatial distortions. He examined a variety of figures and phenomena that were precursors of later, named illusions, and attempted to quantify and interpret them.

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          Illusions in the spatial sense of the eye: geometrical-optical illusions and the neural representation of space.

          G WESTHEIMER (2008)
          Differences between the geometrical properties of simple configurations and their visual percept are called geometrical-optical illusions. They can be differentiated from illusions in the brightness or color domains, from ambiguous figures and impossible objects, from trompe l'oeil and perspective drawing with perfectly valid views, and from illusory contours. They were discovered independently by several scientists in a short time span in the 1850's. The clear distinction between object and visual space that they imply allows the question to be raised whether the transformation between the two spaces can be productively investigated in terms of differential geometry and metrical properties. Perceptual insight and psychophysical research prepares the ground for investigation of the neural representation of space but, because visual attributes are processed separately in parallel, one looks in vain for a neural map that is isomorphic with object space or even with individual forms it contains. Geometrical-optical illusions help reveal parsing rules for sensory signals by showing how conflicts are resolved when there is mismatch in the output of the processing modules for various primitives as a perceptual pattern's unitary structure is assembled. They point to a hierarchical ordering of spatial primitives: cardinal directions and explicit contours predominate over oblique orientation and implicit contours (Poggendorff illusion); rectilinearity yields to continuity (Hering illusion), point position and line length to contour orientation (Ponzo). Hence the geometrical-optical illusions show promise as analytical tools in unraveling neural processing in vision.
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            Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology

            E. G. BORING, EG Boring, E BORING … (1942)
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              Scopes of perception: the experimental manipulation of space and time.

              N J Wade, D Heller (1997)
              Discussions of space and time have been grist to the philosophers' mill for centuries. We argue that the evolution of psychology as an independent discipline was in part a consequence of addressing philosophical questions concerning the perception of space and time by recourse to experiment rather than exposition. Two initially separate factors assisted in establishing this independence. On the one hand, it was driven by the invention of instruments for stimulus control so that the methods of physics could be applied to the study of perceptual phenomena. On the other hand and somewhat later, it was followed by the development of psychophysical methods, which opened the possibility of quantifying the responses to such controlled stimulation. The principal instruments were invented in the first half of the nineteenth century, and they consisted of simple contrivances that manipulated time and space in ways that had not previously been appreciated. This article examines the devices that were invented, like stroboscopes, anorthoscopes, stereoscopes, tachistoscopes, chronoscopes, and more recently oscilloscopes, and the ways in which they influenced the scope of perceptual psychology in the past as well as in the present. In contemporary experimental psychology all these instruments have been replaced by the computer. While it has extended the scope of experiments even further it has introduced a new set of limitations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iperception
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iperception
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IPE
                Journal ID (hwp): spipe
                Title: i-Perception
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2041-6695
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 June 2017
                Publication date Collection: May-Jun 2017
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2041669517712724
                Affiliations
                [1-2041669517712724]Psychology, University of Dundee, UK
                [2-2041669517712724]Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
                [3-2041669517712724]Hemel Hempstead, UK
                [4-2041669517712724]Lingelbach’s Scheune, Leinroden, Germany
                Author notes
                [*]Nicholas J. Wade, Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK. Email: n.j.wade@ 123456dundee.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_2041669517712724
                DOI: 10.1177/2041669517712724
                PMC ID: 5484433
                SO-VID: ead2f1c4-547d-4fe8-a3af-6495af38e4af
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2017
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Translation
                Custom metadata
                cover-date May-June 2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: oppel,geometrical–optical illusions,orientation,size,area,contrast,bisection
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: oppel, geometrical–optical illusions, orientation, size, area, contrast, bisection

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