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      Longitudinal bidirectional relations between body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms among Black adolescents: A cross-lagged panel analysis

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To assess the variation in body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms by weight status and the bi-directional relations between body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms by weight status among Black adolescents.

          Methods

          A sample of 153 Black adolescents aged 12–13 years, either overweight/obese (n = 57, 37%) or healthy weight (n = 96, 63%), were recruited and evaluated three times over two years (T1, T2 and T3). Measured weight and height were converted to age and sex-specific BMI z-score; body dissatisfaction was measured with silhouettes, and depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I). Bidirectional relations were assessed with cross-lagged panel analyses, accounting for stability over time and contemporary correlations.

          Results

          Body dissatisfaction was higher among the overweight/obese group than the healthy weight group. No significant differences were found for depressive symptoms by weight status. Among the overweight/obese group, there were bidirectional relations: antecedent body dissatisfaction predicted subsequent depressive symptoms (T1-T2: β = 0.42, SE = 0.11, p<0.001; T2-T3: β = 0.36, SE = 0.09, p<0.001) and antecedent depressive symptoms predicted subsequent body dissatisfaction (T1-T2: β = 0.25, SE = 0.10, p = 0.012; T2-T3: β = 0.17, SE = 0.08, p = 0.045). Among the healthy weight group, there was no relation in either direction.

          Conclusions

          Elevated body dissatisfaction among the overweight/obese group supports weight-based stigma as a stressor among Black adolescents. The bidirectional relations between body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms among the overweight/obese group support the internalization of thinness idea and negative self-appraisal associated with depressive symptoms. Prevention of both body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms may be mutually beneficial among Black adolescents with overweight/obesity.

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          Cognition and depression: current status and future directions.

          Ian Gotlib, Jutta Joormann (2010)
          Cognitive theories of depression posit that people's thoughts, inferences, attitudes, and interpretations, and the way in which they attend to and recall information, can increase their risk for depression. Three mechanisms have been implicated in the relation between biased cognitive processing and the dysregulation of emotion in depression: inhibitory processes and deficits in working memory, ruminative responses to negative mood states and negative life events, and the inability to use positive and rewarding stimuli to regulate negative mood. In this review, we present a contemporary characterization of depressive cognition and discuss how different cognitive processes are related not only to each other, but also to emotion dysregulation, the hallmark feature of depression. We conclude that depression is characterized by increased elaboration of negative information, by difficulties disengaging from negative material, and by deficits in cognitive control when processing negative information. We discuss treatment implications of these conclusions and argue that the study of cognitive aspects of depression must be broadened by investigating neural and genetic factors that are related to cognitive dysfunction in this disorder. Such integrative investigations should help us gain a more comprehensive understanding of how cognitive and biological factors interact to affect the onset, maintenance, and course of depression.
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            2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: methods and development.

            Robert J. Kuczmarski, Cynthia Ogden, Shumei S. Guo … (2002)
            This report provides detailed information on how the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts for the United States were developed, expanding upon the report that accompanied the initial release of the charts in 2000. The growth charts were developed with data from five national health examination surveys and limited supplemental data. Smoothed percentile curves were developed in two stages. In the first stage, selected empirical percentiles were smoothed with a variety of parametric and nonparametric procedures. In the second stage, parameters were created to obtain the final curves, additional percentiles and z-scores. The revised charts were evaluated using statistical and graphical measures. The 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts were revised for infants (birth to 36 months) and older children (2 to 20 years). New body mass index-for-age (BMI-for-age) charts were created. Use of national data improved the transition from the infant charts to those for older children. The evaluation of the charts found no large or systematic differences between the smoothed percentiles and the empirical data. The 2000 CDC growth charts were developed with improved data and statistical procedures. Health care providers now have an instrument for growth screening that better represents the racial-ethnic diversity and combination of breast- and formula-feeding in the United States. It is recommended that these charts replace the 1977 NCHS charts when assessing the size and growth patterns of infants, children, and adolescents.
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              Exploring the association between childhood and adolescent obesity and depression: a meta-analysis.

              Ying-Hui Quek, Wilson W. S. Tam, Melvyn W. B. Zhang … (2017)
              This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between childhood and adolescent obesity and depression. We systematically searched PubMed, PsycInfo, EMBASE and Science Direct for studies that compared prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms in normal weight and obese children and adolescents. Observational studies were included if they reported body mass index and assessed depression by validated instruments or diagnostic interviews. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. We used the random-effect model to calculate the pooled odds ratios, standard mean differences (SMDs) and subgroup analysis. Findings for a total of 51,272 participants were pooled across 18 studies and examined. Our analyses demonstrated a positive association between childhood and adolescent obesity and depression (pooled odds ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.64, p = 0.005) and more severe depressive symptoms (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.025-0.44, p = 0.028) in the obese groups. Overweight subjects were not more likely to have either depression (pooled odds ratio = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.93-1.44, p = 0.19) or depressive symptoms (SMD = 0, 95% CI: -0.101 to 0.102, p = 0.997). Non-Western and female obese subjects were significantly more likely to have depression and severe depressive symptoms (p < 0.05). In conclusion, obese children and adolescents are more likely to suffer from depression and depressive symptoms, with women and non-Western people at higher risk.
              Article 0 comments Cited 184 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yan Wang:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-0147
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Sarah D. Lynne: Role: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Dawn Witherspoon: Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draft
                Maureen M. Black: Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Barbara Dritschel: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 January 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0228585
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
                [2 ] Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
                [3 ] Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
                [4 ] Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
                [5 ] RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
                University of St Andrews, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-0147
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-19-12156
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228585
                PMC ID: 6992219
                PubMed ID: 31999799
                SO-VID: ee47d0c8-b21f-428d-827c-fee49a8eb3d6
                Copyright © © 2020 Wang et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 9 May 2019
                Date accepted : 19 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: The Maternal and Child Health Research Program, US Department of Health and Human Services
                Award ID: R40MC00241
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Obesity Research Center
                Award ID: NORC received grant 5P30DK072488 from NIDDK, Pilot and Feasibility grant from NORC
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-0147
                The original intervention study was supported by grant R40MC00241 from the Maternal and Child Health Research Program, US Department of Health and Human Services, to Dr Black. Dr. Yan Wang received funding to use the data and conduct this study from the Pilot and Feasibility Program awarded by the Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Obesity Research Center, supported by the grant NIDDK P30DK072488.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Age Groups
                Subject: Children
                Subject: Adolescents
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Families
                Subject: Children
                Subject: Adolescents
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Mood Disorders
                Subject: Depression
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Health Care
                Subject: Socioeconomic Aspects of Health
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Socioeconomic Aspects of Health
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Obesity
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Obesity
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Education
                Subject: Schools
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Behavior
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability The dataset is available from a public repository “University of Maryland at Baltimore (UMB) Digital Archive” via the following weblink: https://archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu/handle/10713/11018.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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