Liquid biopsy: Exosomal microRNAs as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer

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Abstract

Background

Detecting cancer at an early stage before clinical manifestation could be an effective strategy to decrease cancer mortality. Thus, identifying liquid biopsy biomarkers with high efficacy could be a promising approach for non-invasive diagnosis of cancer.

Main text

Liquid biopsies are increasingly used as a supplement to biopsy, as it enables disease progression to be detected months before clinical and radiographic confirmation. Many bodily fluids contain exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) which could provide a new class of biomarkers for early and minimally invasive cancer diagnosis due to the stability of miRNAs in exosomes. In this review, we mainly focused on the exosomal miRNAs (liquid biopsy) as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers.

Conclusion

Exosomal miRNAs can be used as diagnostic and prognosis biomarkers that provide unique insights and a more dynamic perspective of the progression and therapeutic responses in various malignancies. Therefore, the development of novel and more sensitive technologies that exploit exosomal miRNAs should be a priority for cancer management.

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Most cited references 98

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Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

Hyuna Sung, Jacques Ferlay, Rebecca Siegel … (2021)

This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.

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Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.

Hadi Valadi, Karin Ekström, Apostolos Bossios … (2007)

Exosomes are vesicles of endocytic origin released by many cells. These vesicles can mediate communication between cells, facilitating processes such as antigen presentation. Here, we show that exosomes from a mouse and a human mast cell line (MC/9 and HMC-1, respectively), as well as primary bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells, contain RNA. Microarray assessments revealed the presence of mRNA from approximately 1300 genes, many of which are not present in the cytoplasm of the donor cell. In vitro translation proved that the exosome mRNAs were functional. Quality control RNA analysis of total RNA derived from exosomes also revealed presence of small RNAs, including microRNAs. The RNA from mast cell exosomes is transferable to other mouse and human mast cells. After transfer of mouse exosomal RNA to human mast cells, new mouse proteins were found in the recipient cells, indicating that transferred exosomal mRNA can be translated after entering another cell. In summary, we show that exosomes contain both mRNA and microRNA, which can be delivered to another cell, and can be functional in this new location. We propose that this RNA is called "exosomal shuttle RNA" (esRNA).

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Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions

María Yañez-Mó, Pia Siljander, Zoraida Andreu … (2015)

In the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as potent vehicles of intercellular communication, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This is due to their capacity to transfer proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, thereby influencing various physiological and pathological functions of both recipient and parent cells. While intensive investigation has targeted the role of EVs in different pathological processes, for example, in cancer and autoimmune diseases, the EV-mediated maintenance of homeostasis and the regulation of physiological functions have remained less explored. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the physiological roles of EVs, which has been written by crowd-sourcing, drawing on the unique EV expertise of academia-based scientists, clinicians and industry based in 27 European countries, the United States and Australia. This review is intended to be of relevance to both researchers already working on EV biology and to newcomers who will encounter this universal cell biological system. Therefore, here we address the molecular contents and functions of EVs in various tissues and body fluids from cell systems to organs. We also review the physiological mechanisms of EVs in bacteria, lower eukaryotes and plants to highlight the functional uniformity of this emerging communication system.

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Author and article information

Contributors

K. Auxzilia Preethi: auxziliapreethi8910@gmail.com

Sushmaa Chandralekha Selvakumar: sushmaa.chandralekha@gmail.com

Kehinde Ross: O.K.Ross@ljmu.ac.uk

Selvaraj Jayaraman: jselvaendo@gmail.com

Deusdedit Tusubira:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-424X

dtusubira@must.ac.ug

Durairaj Sekar: duraimku@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mol Cancer

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mol Cancer

Title: Molecular Cancer

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1476-4598

Publication date (Electronic): 16 February 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 16 February 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 21

Electronic Location Identifier: 54

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.412431.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0444 045X, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, , Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, ; Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077 India

[2 ]GRID grid.4425.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0368 0654, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, , Liverpool John Moores University, ; Liverpool, UK

[3 ]GRID grid.412431.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0444 045X, Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, , Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, ; Chennai, 600077 India

[4 ]GRID grid.33440.30, ISNI 0000 0001 0232 6272, Biochemistry Department, , Mbarara University of Science and Technology, ; Mbarara, Uganda

Author information

Deusdedit Tusubira http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-424X

Article

Publisher ID: 1525

DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01525-9

PMC ID: 8848669

PubMed ID: 35172817

SO-VID: ef091d44-e4d4-45f0-b044-f8e66290f295

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 9 December 2021

Date accepted : 26 January 2022

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy

Keywords: liquid biopsy,cancer,exosomal mirnas,biomarkers,non-invasive diagnosis

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy

Keywords: liquid biopsy, cancer, exosomal mirnas, biomarkers, non-invasive diagnosis

Liquid biopsy: Exosomal microRNAs as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer

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Abstract

Background

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Karger: Oncology

Most cited references 98

Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.

Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions

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