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      The Global Food-Energy-Water Nexus

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          The Natural Flow Regime

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            Modularity and community structure in networks

            M. Newman (2006)
            Many networks of interest in the sciences, including a variety of social and biological networks, are found to divide naturally into communities or modules. The problem of detecting and characterizing this community structure has attracted considerable recent attention. One of the most sensitive detection methods is optimization of the quality function known as "modularity" over the possible divisions of a network, but direct application of this method using, for instance, simulated annealing is computationally costly. Here we show that the modularity can be reformulated in terms of the eigenvectors of a new characteristic matrix for the network, which we call the modularity matrix, and that this reformulation leads to a spectral algorithm for community detection that returns results of better quality than competing methods in noticeably shorter running times. We demonstrate the algorithm with applications to several network data sets.
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              Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems.

              The cycles of the key nutrient elements nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have been massively altered by anthropogenic activities. Thus, it is essential to understand how photosynthetic production across diverse ecosystems is, or is not, limited by N and P. Via a large-scale meta-analysis of experimental enrichments, we show that P limitation is equally strong across these major habitats and that N and P limitation are equivalent within both terrestrial and freshwater systems. Furthermore, simultaneous N and P enrichment produces strongly positive synergistic responses in all three environments. Thus, contrary to some prevailing paradigms, freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems are surprisingly similar in terms of N and P limitation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Reviews of Geophysics
                Rev. Geophys.
                American Geophysical Union (AGU)
                87551209
                July 24 2018
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management; University of California; Berkeley CA USA
                [2 ]The Earth Institute; Columbia University; New York NY USA
                [3 ]Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; U.S. Geological Survey; Beltsville MD USA
                [4 ]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Politecnico di Milano; Milan Italy
                [5 ]Department of Environmental Policy Analysis, Institute for Environmental Studies; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
                [6 ]National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center; Annapolis MD USA
                [7 ]Department of Geography; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
                [8 ]Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
                [9 ]Department of Physics ‘G. Galilei’; University of Padova; Padua Italy
                Article
                10.1029/2017RG000591
                f08111c5-cb4e-40a5-8e3c-eb68d11c359f
                © 2018

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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