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      Evaluation of the use of therapeutic peptides for cancer treatment

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          Abstract

          Cancer along with cardiovascular disease are the main causes of death in the industrialised countries around the World. Conventional cancer treatments are losing their therapeutic uses due to drug resistance, lack of tumour selectivity and solubility and as such there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents. Therapeutic peptides are a promising and a novel approach to treat many diseases including cancer. They have several advantages over proteins or antibodies: as they are (a) easy to synthesise, (b) have a high target specificity and selectivity and (c) have low toxicity. Therapeutic peptides do have some significant drawbacks related to their stability and short half-life. In this review, strategies used to overcome peptide limitations and to enhance their therapeutic effect will be compared. The use of short cell permeable peptides that interfere and inhibit protein-protein interactions will also be evaluated.

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          Global cancer statistics, 2012.

          Lindsey A Torre, Freddie Bray, Rebecca Siegel … (2015)
          Cancer constitutes an enormous burden on society in more and less economically developed countries alike. The occurrence of cancer is increasing because of the growth and aging of the population, as well as an increasing prevalence of established risk factors such as smoking, overweight, physical inactivity, and changing reproductive patterns associated with urbanization and economic development. Based on GLOBOCAN estimates, about 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million deaths occurred in 2012 worldwide. Over the years, the burden has shifted to less developed countries, which currently account for about 57% of cases and 65% of cancer deaths worldwide. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among males in both more and less developed countries, and has surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among females in more developed countries; breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death among females in less developed countries. Other leading causes of cancer death in more developed countries include colorectal cancer among males and females and prostate cancer among males. In less developed countries, liver and stomach cancer among males and cervical cancer among females are also leading causes of cancer death. Although incidence rates for all cancers combined are nearly twice as high in more developed than in less developed countries in both males and females, mortality rates are only 8% to 15% higher in more developed countries. This disparity reflects regional differences in the mix of cancers, which is affected by risk factors and detection practices, and/or the availability of treatment. Risk factors associated with the leading causes of cancer death include tobacco use (lung, colorectal, stomach, and liver cancer), overweight/obesity and physical inactivity (breast and colorectal cancer), and infection (liver, stomach, and cervical cancer). A substantial portion of cancer cases and deaths could be prevented by broadly applying effective prevention measures, such as tobacco control, vaccination, and the use of early detection tests. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
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            Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death.

            Susan A. Elmore (2007)
            The process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms. Apoptosis is considered a vital component of various processes including normal cell turnover, proper development and functioning of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development and chemical-induced cell death. Inappropriate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is a factor in many human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer. The ability to modulate the life or death of a cell is recognized for its immense therapeutic potential. Therefore, research continues to focus on the elucidation and analysis of the cell cycle machinery and signaling pathways that control cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. To that end, the field of apoptosis research has been moving forward at an alarmingly rapid rate. Although many of the key apoptotic proteins have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of action or inaction of these proteins remain to be elucidated. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of current knowledge on the process of apoptosis including morphology, biochemistry, the role of apoptosis in health and disease, detection methods, as well as a discussion of potential alternative forms of apoptosis.
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              Cancer genome landscapes.

              Bert Vogelstein, Nickolas Papadopoulos, Victor E Velculescu … (2013)
              Over the past decade, comprehensive sequencing efforts have revealed the genomic landscapes of common forms of human cancer. For most cancer types, this landscape consists of a small number of "mountains" (genes altered in a high percentage of tumors) and a much larger number of "hills" (genes altered infrequently). To date, these studies have revealed ~140 genes that, when altered by intragenic mutations, can promote or "drive" tumorigenesis. A typical tumor contains two to eight of these "driver gene" mutations; the remaining mutations are passengers that confer no selective growth advantage. Driver genes can be classified into 12 signaling pathways that regulate three core cellular processes: cell fate, cell survival, and genome maintenance. A better understanding of these pathways is one of the most pressing needs in basic cancer research. Even now, however, our knowledge of cancer genomes is sufficient to guide the development of more effective approaches for reducing cancer morbidity and mortality.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Susan Marqus: s3279653@student.rmit.edu.au
                Elena Pirogova: elena.pirogova@rmit.edu.au
                Terrence J. Piva: terry.piva@rmit.edu.au
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Biomed Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Biomed. Sci
                Title: Journal of Biomedical Science
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Print): 1021-7770
                ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0127
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 March 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 March 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 24
                Electronic Location Identifier: 21
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2163 3550, GRID grid.1017.7, School of Engineering, , RMIT University, ; Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2163 3550, GRID grid.1017.7, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, , RMIT University, ; Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
                Article
                Publisher ID: 328
                DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0328-x
                PMC ID: 5359827
                PubMed ID: 28320393
                SO-VID: f08f8789-6c61-457e-b948-5dcdf7e3394a
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2017
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 8 December 2016
                Date accepted : 14 March 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: cancer,therapeutic peptides,cell penetrating peptides,apoptosis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: cancer, therapeutic peptides, cell penetrating peptides, apoptosis

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