The great escape: The role of self-esteem and self-related cognition in terror management

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On the automatic activation of attitudes.

R. Fazio, D M Sanbonmatsu, M. C. Powell … (1986)

We hypothesized that attitudes characterized by a strong association between the attitude object and an evaluation of that object are capable of being activated from memory automatically upon mere presentation of the attitude object. We used a priming procedure to examine the extent to which the mere presentation of an attitude object would facilitate the latency with which subjects could indicate whether a subsequently presented target adjective had a positive or a negative connotation. Across three experiments, facilitation was observed on trials involving evaluatively congruent primes (attitude objects) and targets, provided that the attitude object possessed a strong evaluative association. In Experiments 1 and 2, preexperimentally strong and weak associations were identified via a measurement procedure. In Experiment 3, the strength of the object-evaluation association was manipulated. The results indicated that attitudes can be automatically activated and that the strength of the object-evaluation association determines the likelihood of such automatic activation. The implications of these findings for a variety of issues regarding attitudes--including their functional value, stability, effects on later behavior, and measurement--are discussed.

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Binge eating as escape from self-awareness.

T F Heatherton, R F Baumeister (1991)

This article proposes that binge eating is motivated by a desire to escape from self-awareness. Binge eaters suffer from high standards and expectations, especially an acute sensitivity to the difficult (perceived) demands of others. When they fall short of these standards, they develop an aversive pattern of high self-awareness, characterized by unflattering views of self and concern over how they are perceived by others. These aversive self-perceptions are accompanied by emotional distress, which often includes anxiety and depression. To escape from this unpleasant state, binge eaters attempt the cognitive response of narrowing attention to the immediate stimulus environment and avoiding broadly meaningful thought. This narrowing of attention disengages normal inhibitions against eating and fosters an uncritical acceptance of irrational beliefs and thoughts. The escape model is capable of integrating much of the available evidence about binge eating.

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The meaning maintenance model: on the coherence of social motivations.

Steven Heine, Travis Proulx, Kathleen Vohs (2006)

The meaning maintenance model (MMM) proposes that people have a need for meaning; that is, a need to perceive events through a prism of mental representations of expected relations that organizes their perceptions of the world. When people's sense of meaning is threatened, they reaffirm alternative representations as a way to regain meaning-a process termed fluid compensation. According to the model, people can reaffirm meaning in domains that are different from the domain in which the threat occurred. Evidence for fluid compensation can be observed following a variety of psychological threats, including most especially threats to the self, such as self-esteem threats, feelings of uncertainty, interpersonal rejection, and mortality salience. People respond to these diverse threats in highly similar ways, which suggests that a range of psychological motivations are expressions of a singular impulse to generate and maintain a sense of meaning.

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Journal

Title: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Abbreviated Title: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Publisher: Elsevier BV

ISSN (Print): 00221031

Publication date Created: September 2015

Publication date (Print): September 2015

Volume: 60

Issue:

Pages: 121-132

Article

DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.05.006

SO-VID: f5e5afcc-78cd-42c2-bff5-e00dd06ff254

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The great escape: The role of self-esteem and self-related cognition in terror management

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Most cited references 85

On the automatic activation of attitudes.

Binge eating as escape from self-awareness.

The meaning maintenance model: on the coherence of social motivations.

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