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      From Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Candida glabrata in a few easy steps: important adaptations for an opportunistic pathogen

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          Abstract

          The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata is closely related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yet it has evolved to survive within mammalian hosts. Which traits help C. glabrata to adapt to this different environment? Which specific responses are crucial for its survival in the host? The main differences seem to include an extended repertoire of adhesin genes, high drug resistance, an enhanced ability to sustain prolonged starvation and adaptations of the transcriptional wiring of key stress response genes. Here, we discuss the properties of C. glabrata with a focus on the differences to related fungi.

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          Genomic expression programs in the response of yeast cells to environmental changes.

          G Storz, P T Spellman, John P. Brown … (2000)
          We explored genomic expression patterns in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae responding to diverse environmental transitions. DNA microarrays were used to measure changes in transcript levels over time for almost every yeast gene, as cells responded to temperature shocks, hydrogen peroxide, the superoxide-generating drug menadione, the sulfhydryl-oxidizing agent diamide, the disulfide-reducing agent dithiothreitol, hyper- and hypo-osmotic shock, amino acid starvation, nitrogen source depletion, and progression into stationary phase. A large set of genes (approximately 900) showed a similar drastic response to almost all of these environmental changes. Additional features of the genomic responses were specialized for specific conditions. Promoter analysis and subsequent characterization of the responses of mutant strains implicated the transcription factors Yap1p, as well as Msn2p and Msn4p, in mediating specific features of the transcriptional response, while the identification of novel sequence elements provided clues to novel regulators. Physiological themes in the genomic responses to specific environmental stresses provided insights into the effects of those stresses on the cell.
          Article 0 comments Cited 777 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Autophagosome formation: core machinery and adaptations.

            Zhiping Xie, Daniel Klionsky (2007)
            Eukaryotic cells employ autophagy to degrade damaged or obsolete organelles and proteins. Central to this process is the formation of autophagosomes, double-membrane vesicles responsible for delivering cytoplasmic material to lysosomes. In the past decade many autophagy-related genes, ATG, have been identified that are required for selective and/or nonselective autophagic functions. In all types of autophagy, a core molecular machinery has a critical role in forming sequestering vesicles, the autophagosome, which is the hallmark morphological feature of this dynamic process. Additional components allow autophagy to adapt to the changing needs of the cell.
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              Global transcriptional responses of fission yeast to environmental stress.

              Dongrong Chen, W Mark Toone, Juan Mata … (2003)
              We explored transcriptional responses of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe to various environmental stresses. DNA microarrays were used to characterize changes in expression profiles of all known and predicted genes in response to five stress conditions: oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide, heavy metal stress caused by cadmium, heat shock caused by temperature increase to 39 degrees C, osmotic stress caused by sorbitol, and DNA damage caused by the alkylating agent methylmethane sulfonate. We define a core environmental stress response (CESR) common to all, or most, stresses. There was a substantial overlap between CESR genes of fission yeast and the genes of budding yeast that are stereotypically regulated during stress. CESR genes were controlled primarily by the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase Sty1p and the transcription factor Atf1p. S. pombe also activated gene expression programs more specialized for a given stress or a subset of stresses. In general, these "stress-specific" responses were less dependent on the Sty1p mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and may involve specific regulatory factors. Promoter motifs associated with some of the groups of coregulated genes were identified. We compare and contrast global regulation of stress genes in fission and budding yeasts and discuss evolutionary implications.
              Article 0 comments Cited 230 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): FEMS Microbiol Lett
                Journal ID (publisher-id): fml
                Title: Fems Microbiology Letters
                Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
                ISSN (Print): 0378-1097
                ISSN (Electronic): 1574-6968
                Publication date (Print): January 2011
                Volume: 314
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 1-9
                Affiliations
                [1 ]simpleMax F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
                [2 ]simpleComparative Genomics Group, Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation Barcelona, Spain
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Christoph Schüller, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43 1 4277 52815;fax: +43 1 4277 9528;e-mail: christoph.schueller@ 123456univie.ac.at
                Article
                DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02102.x
                PMC ID: 3015064
                PubMed ID: 20846362
                SO-VID: f9c2aa36-6680-4202-8743-7e719061f7d1
                Copyright © © 2010 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved
                License:

                Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Creative Commons Deed, Attribution 2.5, which does not permit commercial exploitation.

                History
                Date received : 06 June 2010
                Date revision received : 18 August 2010
                Date accepted : 19 September 2010
                Categories
                Subject: MiniReviews

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: fungal pathogen,stress response,apoptosis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: fungal pathogen, stress response, apoptosis

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