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      Association between Inflammatory and Obesity Markers in a Swiss Population-Based Sample (CoLaus Study)

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          Abstract

          Objective: To assess the associations between obesity markers (BMI, waist circumference and %body fat) and inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β (IL-1β); interleukin-6 (IL-6); tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)). Methods: Population sample of 2,884 men and 3,201 women aged 35–75 years. Associations were assessed using ridge regression adjusting for age, leisure-time physical activity, and smoking. Results: No differences were found in IL-1β levels between participants with increased obesity markers and healthy counterparts; multivariate regression showed %body fat to be negatively associated with IL-1β. Participants with high %body fat or abdominal obesity had higher IL-6 levels, but no independent association between IL-6 levels and obesity markers was found on multivariate regression. Participants with abdominal obesity had higher TNF-α levels, and positive associations were found between TNF-α levels and waist circumference in men and between TNF-α levels and BMI in women. Obese participants had higher hs-CRP levels, and these differences persisted after multivariate adjustment; similarly, positive associations were found between hs-CRP levels and all obesity markers studied. Conclusion: Obesity markers are differentially associated with cytokine levels. %Body fat is negatively associated with IL-1β; BMI (in women) and waist circumference (in men) are associated with TNF-α; all obesity markers are positively associated with hs-CRP.

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          Ridge Regression: Biased Estimation for Nonorthogonal Problems

          Arthur E. Hoerl, Robert Kennard (1970)
          Article 0 comments Cited 1244 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study.

            J. Spranger, A Kroke, M Möhlig … (2003)
            A subclinical inflammatory reaction has been shown to precede the onset of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. We therefore examined prospectively the effects of the central inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on the development of type 2 diabetes. We designed a nested case-control study within the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study including 27,548 individuals. Case subjects were defined to be those who were free of type 2 diabetes at baseline and subsequently developed type 2 diabetes during a 2.3-year follow-up period. A total of 192 cases of incident type 2 diabetes were identified and matched with 384 non-disease-developing control subjects. IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels were found to be elevated in participants with incident type 2 diabetes, whereas IL-1beta plasma levels did not differ between the groups. Analysis of single cytokines revealed IL-6 as an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), sports, smoking status, educational attainment, alcohol consumption, and HbA(1c) (4th vs. the 1st quartile: odds ratio [OR] 2.6, 95% CI 1.2-5.5). The association between TNF-alpha and future type 2 diabetes was no longer significant after adjustment for BMI or WHR. Interestingly, combined analysis of the cytokines revealed a significant interaction between IL-1beta and IL-6. In the fully adjusted model, participants with detectable levels of IL-1beta and elevated levels of IL-6 had an independently increased risk to develop type 2 diabetes (3.3, 1.7-6.8), whereas individuals with increased concentrations of IL-6 but undetectable levels of IL-1beta had no significantly increased risk, both compared with the low-level reference group. These results were confirmed in an analysis including only individuals with HbA(1c) <5.8% at baseline. Our data suggest that the pattern of circulating inflammatory cytokines modifies the risk for type 2 diabetes. In particular, a combined elevation of IL-1beta and IL-6, rather than the isolated elevation of IL-6 alone, independently increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. These data strongly support the hypothesis that a subclinical inflammatory reaction has a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
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              Adipose tissue: the new endocrine organ? A review article.

              Susan E. Wozniak, Laura Gee, Mitchell Wachtel … (2009)
              Fat is either white or brown, the latter being found principally in neonates. White fat, which comprises adipocytes, pre-adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and leukocytes, actively participates in hormonal and inflammatory systems. Adipokines include hormones such as leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, apelin, vaspin, hepcidine, chemerin, omentin, and inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and plasminogen activator protein (PAI). Multiple roles in metabolic and inflammatory responses have been assigned to adipokines; this review describes the molecular actions and clinical significance of the more important adipokines. The array of adipokines evidences diverse roles for adipose tissue, which looms large in the mediators of inflammation and metabolism. For this reason, treating obesity is more than a reduction of excess fat; it is also the treatment of obesity's comorbidities, many of which will some day be treated by drugs that counteract derangements induced by adipokine excesses.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): OFA
                Journal ID (pmc): OFA
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Obes Facts
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1662-4025
                Title: Obesity Facts
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1662-4025
                ISSN (Electronic): 1662-4033
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2012
                Publication date (Print): November 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 October 2012
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 734-744
                Affiliations
                aInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, bDepartment of Medicine, Internal Medicine, CHUV and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, cDepartment of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, dDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, eDepartment of Community Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, fCytolab, Dällikon, gDivision of Psychosomatic Medicine, Bern University Hospital Inselspital, and University of Bern, Bern, hDepartment of Psychiatry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, iDepartment of Psychiatry, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
                Article
                Publisher ID: 345045 Other ID: Obes Facts 2012;5:734–744
                DOI: 10.1159/000345045
                PubMed ID: 23108472
                SO-VID: fbc3bf69-07c5-48f6-a2af-94cd7dd434e6
                Copyright © © 2012 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 29 March 2012
                Date accepted : 22 December 2011
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics,Health & Social care,Public health
                Keywords: TNF-α,IL-1β,BMI,Waist circumference,Body composition,Population study,IL-6,hs-CRP
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics, Health & Social care, Public health
                Keywords: TNF-α, IL-1β, BMI, Waist circumference, Body composition, Population study, IL-6, hs-CRP

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