Systematic review of <i>Plasmodium knowlesi</i> in Indonesia: a risk of emergence in the context of capital relocation to Borneo?

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Abstract

Background

The Indonesian Republic plans to relocate its capital from Jakarta to East Kalimantan, Borneo Island, in the next few years. This relocation may be associated with deforestation, decreased biodiversity, and an increased risk of emerging zoonotic infections, including Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. The Malaysian part of Borneo Island is one of the main hotspots of P. knowlesi malaria.

Methods

Considering this risk, we evaluated the transmission dynamics of P. knowlesi in the Indonesian Archipelago based on a literature search and extensive review of data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health.

Results

We report that 545 P. knowlesi cases were documented in Indonesia, mainly in the Aceh and North Sumatra provinces, with 95% of these occurring in the last 4 years.

Conclusions

The main P. knowlesi vectors are present in the area of the future capital, requiring strengthened surveillance to reduce the risk of emerging cases in a rapidly growing population.

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Most cited references 30

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A NATURALLY ACQUITED QUOTIDIAN-TYPE MALARIA IN MAN TRANSFERABLE TO MONKEYS.

Jason W. Chin, P G Contacos, H Kimball … (1965)

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Malaria risk factor assessment using active and passive surveillance data from Aceh Besar, Indonesia, a low endemic, malaria elimination setting with Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum

Herdiana Herdiana, Chris Cotter, Farah N Coutrier … (2016)

Background As malaria transmission declines, it becomes more geographically focused and more likely due to asymptomatic and non-falciparum infections. To inform malaria elimination planning in the context of this changing epidemiology, local assessments on the risk factors for malaria infection are necessary, yet challenging due to the low number of malaria cases. Methods A population-based, cross-sectional study was performed using passive and active surveillance data collected in Aceh Besar District, Indonesia from 2014 to 2015. Malaria infection was defined as symptomatic polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed infection in index cases reported from health facilities, and asymptomatic or symptomatic PCR-confirmed infection identified in reactive case detection (RACD). Potential risk factors for any infection, species-specific infection, or secondary-case detection in RACD were assessed through questionnaires and evaluated for associations. Results Nineteen Plasmodium knowlesi, 12 Plasmodium vivax and six Plasmodium falciparum cases were identified passively, and 1495 community members screened in RACD, of which six secondary cases were detected (one P. knowlesi, three P. vivax, and two P. falciparum, with four being asymptomatic). Compared to non-infected subjects screened in RACD, cases identified through passive or active surveillance were more likely to be male (AOR 12.5, 95 % CI 3.0–52.1), adult (AOR 14.0, 95 % CI 2.2–89.6 for age 16–45 years compared to <15 years), have visited the forest in the previous month for any reason (AOR 5.6, 95 % CI 1.3–24.2), and have a workplace near or in the forest and requiring overnight stays (AOR 7.9, 95 % CI 1.6–39.7 compared to workplace not near or in the forest). Comparing subjects with infections of different species, differences were observed in sub-district of residence and other demographic and behavioural factors. Among subjects screened in RACD, cases compared to non-cases were more likely to be febrile and reside within 100 m of the index case. Conclusion In this setting, risk of malaria infection in index and RACD identified cases was associated with forest exposure, particularly overnights in the forest for work. In low-transmission settings, utilization of data available through routine passive and active surveillance can support efforts to target individuals at high risk.

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Predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas

Catherine Moyes, Freya Shearer, Zhi Huang … (2016)

Background Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic pathogen, transmitted among macaques and to humans by anopheline mosquitoes. Information on P. knowlesi malaria is lacking in most regions so the first step to understand the geographical distribution of disease risk is to define the distributions of the reservoir and vector species. Methods We used macaque and mosquito species presence data, background data that captured sampling bias in the presence data, a boosted regression tree model and environmental datasets, including annual data for land classes, to predict the distributions of each vector and host species. We then compared the predicted distribution of each species with cover of each land class. Results Fine-scale distribution maps were generated for three macaque host species (Macaca fascicularis, M. nemestrina and M. leonina) and two mosquito vector complexes (the Dirus Complex and the Leucosphyrus Complex). The Leucosphyrus Complex was predicted to occur in areas with disturbed, but not intact, forest cover (> 60 % tree cover) whereas the Dirus Complex was predicted to occur in areas with 10–100 % tree cover as well as vegetation mosaics and cropland. Of the macaque species, M. nemestrina was mainly predicted to occur in forested areas whereas M. fascicularis was predicted to occur in vegetation mosaics, cropland, wetland and urban areas in addition to forested areas. Conclusions The predicted M. fascicularis distribution encompassed a wide range of habitats where humans are found. This is of most significance in the northern part of its range where members of the Dirus Complex are the main P. knowlesi vectors because these mosquitoes were also predicted to occur in a wider range of habitats. Our results support the hypothesis that conversion of intact forest into disturbed forest (for example plantations or timber concessions), or the creation of vegetation mosaics, will increase the probability that members of the Leucosphyrus Complex occur at these locations, as well as bringing humans into these areas. An explicit analysis of disease risk itself using infection data is required to explore this further. The species distributions generated here can now be included in future analyses of P. knowlesi infection risk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1527-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ibrahim Bin Said: ibrahim.bin-said@univ-lyon1.fr

Yobouet Ines Kouakou: ines.kouakou@hotmail.fr

Roukayatou Omorou: roukayatou.omorou@etu.univ-lyon1.fr

Anne-Lise Bienvenu: anne-lise.bienvenu@chu-lyon.fr

Kamruddin Ahmed: ahmed@ums.edu.my

Richard Culleton: culleton.richard.oe@ehime-u.ac.jp

Stephane Picot: stephane.picot@univ-lyon1.fr

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors

Title: Parasites & Vectors

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305

Publication date (Electronic): 18 July 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 18 July 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 15

Electronic Location Identifier: 258

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.7849.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2150 7757, Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, , University Lyon, ; 69100 Villeurbanne, France

[2 ]GRID grid.513115.2, ISNI 0000 0004 9546 6742, Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Kediri, ; Jawa Timur, 64127 Kota Kediri, Indonesia

[3 ]GRID grid.413852.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2163 3825, Service Pharmacie, , Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, ; 69004 Lyon, France

[4 ]GRID grid.265727.3, ISNI 0000 0001 0417 0814, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, , Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, ; 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia

[5 ]GRID grid.265727.3, ISNI 0000 0001 0417 0814, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, , Universiti Malaysia Sabah, ; 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Sabah Malaysia

[6 ]GRID grid.255464.4, ISNI 0000 0001 1011 3808, Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, , Ehime University, ; Matsuyama, Japan

[7 ]GRID grid.413306.3, ISNI 0000 0004 4685 6736, Institute of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, , Hôpital de La Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, ; 69004 Lyon, France

Article

Publisher ID: 5375

DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05375-8

PMC ID: 9290274

PubMed ID: 35850777

SO-VID: fdbc4edf-52e5-475d-8381-b31316672452

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 10 May 2022

Date accepted : 23 June 2022

Funding

Funded by: Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA)

Award ID: Scholarship 5000 Doktor

Award Recipient : Ibrahim Bin Said

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001713, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership;

Award ID: RIA2017T-2018 WANECAM-2

Award Recipient : Roukayatou Omorou Stephane Picot

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: plasmodium knowlesi,zoonotic malaria,indonesia,malaria elimination,kalimantan,borneo,anopheles

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: plasmodium knowlesi, zoonotic malaria, indonesia, malaria elimination, kalimantan, borneo, anopheles

Systematic review of Plasmodium knowlesi in Indonesia: a risk of emergence in the context of capital relocation to Borneo?

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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Malaria vaccine development

Most cited references 30

A NATURALLY ACQUITED QUOTIDIAN-TYPE MALARIA IN MAN TRANSFERABLE TO MONKEYS.

Malaria risk factor assessment using active and passive surveillance data from Aceh Besar, Indonesia, a low endemic, malaria elimination setting with Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum

Predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas

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