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      Normal executive attention but abnormal orienting attention in individuals with sluggish cognitive tempo Translated title: Atención ejecutiva normal y atención de orientación anormal en personas con tiempo cognitivo lento

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          Abstract

          Background/objective: Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) is an attentional disorder characterized by the symptoms of slowness in behavior or thinking, a lack of en.ergy, difficulty initiating and sustaining effort, daydreaming, and drowsiness. The aim of the present study was to investigate the distinctive attentional characteristics of SCT as compared to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Method: A total of 110 adults were recruited and divided into four groups: SCT+ADHD, SCT, ADHD, and healthy controls. The Revised version of Attention Networks Test was used to investigate each group’s attentional profile. Results: The results revealed that the two SCT groups (SCT+ADHD and SCT) showed a significantly weaker orienting network due to the problems of engaging and disengaging attention than the other two groups. Additionally, the two ADHD groups (SCT+ADHD and ADHD) showed a significantly weaker executive control network than the other two groups. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate an attentional distinction between the SCT and the ADHD groups with a greater dysfunction in the orienting network in the SCT group as compared to the ADHD group. Furthermore, a greater executive control dysfunction was observed in the ADHD group as compared to the SCT group.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes/Objetivo: El Tiempo Cognitivo Lento (TCL) es un trastorno atencional caracterizado por síntomas de lentitud en el comportamiento o pensamiento, falta de energía, dificultad para iniciar y mantener el esfuerzo, soñar despierto y somnolencia. El propósito de este estudio es investigar las características únicas de la atención de TCL en comparación con el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención/Hiperactividad (TDAH). Método: Se reclutaron 110 participantes y se dividieron en cuatro grupos: TCL+TDAH, TCL, TDAH y controles sanos. Se empleó la versión revisada del Attention Networks Test para investigar el perfil de atención de cada grupo. Resultados: Los dos grupos de TCL (TCL+TDAH y TCL) mostraron una red de orientación significativamente más débil debido a los problemas de atraer y desconectar la atención que los otros dos grupos. Los grupos de TDAH (TCL+TDAH y TDAH) mostraron una red de control ejecutivo significativamente más débil que los otros dos grupos. Conclusiones: Se demuestra una distinción atencional entre los grupos TCL y TDAH con mayor disfunción en la red de orientación en TCL en comparación con TDAH. Además, se observó una mayor disfunción del control ejecutivo en el grupo TDAH en comparación con el grupo TCL.

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          Most cited references43

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          The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after.

          Here, we update our 1990 Annual Review of Neuroscience article, "The Attention System of the Human Brain." The framework presented in the original article has helped to integrate behavioral, systems, cellular, and molecular approaches to common problems in attention research. Our framework has been both elaborated and expanded in subsequent years. Research on orienting and executive functions has supported the addition of new networks of brain regions. Developmental studies have shown important changes in control systems between infancy and childhood. In some cases, evidence has supported the role of specific genetic variations, often in conjunction with experience, that account for some of the individual differences in the efficiency of attentional networks. The findings have led to increased understanding of aspects of pathology and to some new interventions.
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            Reaction time variability in ADHD: a meta-analytic review of 319 studies.

            Individuals with ADHD are characterized as ubiquitously slower and more variable than their unaffected peers, and increased reaction time (RT) variability is considered by many to reflect an etiologically important characteristic of ADHD. The present review critically evaluates these claims through meta-analysis of 319 studies of RT variability in children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD relative to typically developing (TD) groups, clinical control groups, and themselves (subtype comparisons, treatment and motivation effects). Random effects models corrected for measurement unreliability and publication bias revealed that children/adolescents (Hedges' g=0.76) and adults (g=0.46) with ADHD demonstrated greater RT variability relative to TD groups. This increased variability was attenuated by psychostimulant treatment (g=-0.74), but unaffected by non-stimulant medical and psychosocial interventions. Individuals with ADHD did not evince slower processing speed (mean RT) after accounting for RT variability, whereas large magnitude RT variability deficits remained after accounting for mean RT. Adolescents and adults with ADHD were indistinguishable from clinical control groups, and children with ADHD were only minimally more variable than clinical control children (g=0.25). Collectively, results of the meta-analysis indicate that RT variability reflects a stable feature of ADHD and other clinical disorders that is robust to systematic differences across studies. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Testing the behavioral interaction and integration of attentional networks.

              One current conceptualization of attention subdivides it into functions of alerting, orienting, and executive control. Alerting describes the function of tonically maintaining the alert state and phasically responding to a warning signal. Automatic and voluntary orienting are involved in the selection of information among multiple sensory inputs. Executive control describes a set of more complex operations that include detecting and resolving conflicts in order to control thoughts or behaviors. Converging evidence supports this theory of attention by showing that each function appears to be subserved by anatomically distinct networks in the brain and differentially innervated by various neuromodulatory systems. Although much research has been dedicated to understanding the functional separation of these networks in both healthy and disease states, the interaction and integration among these networks still remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to characterize possible behavioral interaction and integration in healthy adult volunteers using a revised attention network test (ANT-R) with cue-target interval and cue validity manipulations. We found that whereas alerting improves overall response speed, it exerts negative influence on executive control under certain conditions. A valid orienting cue enhances but an invalid cue diminishes the ability of executive control to overcome conflict. The results support the hypothesis of functional integration and interaction of these brain networks.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Int J Clin Health Psychol
                Int J Clin Health Psychol
                International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP
                Asociacion Espanola de Psicologia Conductual
                1697-2600
                2174-0852
                13 September 2020
                Jan-Apr 2021
                13 September 2020
                : 21
                : 1
                : 100199
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Psychology of Counseling, Sejong Cyber University, Seoul, South Korea
                [b ]Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea. paenna@ 123456snu.ac.kr
                Article
                S1697-2600(20)30067-3 100199
                10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.08.003
                7753035
                fef56a6c-5fda-4bbb-b02c-b4b87b7ab794
                © 2020 Asociación Española de Psicología Conductual. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 15 May 2020
                : 20 August 2020
                Categories
                Original Article

                sluggish cognitive tempo (sct),attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd),attentional network,attention network test (ant),experiment,tiempo cognitivo lento (tcl),trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (tdah),red de atención,experimento

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