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      Hydrogels as Potential Nano-, Micro- and Macro-Scale Systems for Controlled Drug Delivery

      review-article
      Author(s): , , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Materials
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: hydrogel, drug delivery, polymer, biocompatibility, immobilization of drug

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          Abstract

          This review is an extensive evaluation and essential analysis of the design and formation of hydrogels (HGs) for drug delivery. We review the fundamental principles of HGs (their chemical structures, physicochemical properties, synthesis routes, different types, etc.) that influence their biological properties and medical and pharmaceutical applications. Strategies for fabricating HGs with different diameters (macro, micro, and nano) are also presented. The size of biocompatible HG materials determines their potential uses in medicine as drug carriers. Additionally, novel drug delivery methods for enhancing treatment are discussed. A critical review is performed based on the latest literature reports.

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          Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery

          David Mooney, Jianyu Li (2016)
          Hydrogel delivery systems can leverage therapeutically beneficial outcomes of drug delivery and have found clinical use. Hydrogels can provide spatial and temporal control over the release of various therapeutic agents, including small-molecule drugs, macromolecular drugs and cells. Owing to their tunable physical properties, controllable degradability and capability to protect labile drugs from degradation, hydrogels serve as a platform in which various physiochemical interactions with the encapsulated drugs control their release. In this Review, we cover multiscale mechanisms underlying the design of hydrogel drug delivery systems, focusing on physical and chemical properties of the hydrogel network and the hydrogel-drug interactions across the network, mesh, and molecular (or atomistic) scales. We discuss how different mechanisms interact and can be integrated to exert fine control in time and space over the drug presentation. We also collect experimental release data from the literature, review clinical translation to date of these systems, and present quantitative comparisons between different systems to provide guidelines for the rational design of hydrogel delivery systems.
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            Designing cell-compatible hydrogels for biomedical applications.

            Dror Seliktar (2012)
            Hydrogels are polymeric materials distinguished by high water content and diverse physical properties. They can be engineered to resemble the extracellular environment of the body's tissues in ways that enable their use in medical implants, biosensors, and drug-delivery devices. Cell-compatible hydrogels are designed by using a strategy of coordinated control over physical properties and bioactivity to influence specific interactions with cellular systems, including spatial and temporal patterns of biochemical and biomechanical cues known to modulate cell behavior. Important new discoveries in stem cell research, cancer biology, and cellular morphogenesis have been realized with model hydrogel systems premised on these designs. Basic and clinical applications for hydrogels in cell therapy, tissue engineering, and biomedical research continue to drive design improvements using performance-based materials engineering paradigms.
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              Stimuli-reponsive polymers and their bioconjugates

              E Gil, G S Hudson (2004)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Materials (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Materials (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): materials
                Title: Materials
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1996-1944
                Publication date (Electronic): 02 January 2020
                Publication date Collection: January 2020
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 188
                Affiliations
                Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; adam.chyzy24@ 123456gmail.com (A.C.); monika.tomczyk@ 123456umb.edu.pl (M.T.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: marta.plonska-brzezinska@ 123456umb.edu.pl ; Tel.: +4885-748-5683
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5155-7245
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4894-7557
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0538-6059
                Article
                Publisher ID: materials-13-00188
                DOI: 10.3390/ma13010188
                PMC ID: 6981598
                PubMed ID: 31906527
                SO-VID: ff44d7e3-a514-456d-b68b-bb98867eaeb4
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 16 December 2019
                Date accepted : 27 December 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: hydrogel,drug delivery,polymer,biocompatibility,immobilization of drug
                Data availability:
                Keywords: hydrogel, drug delivery, polymer, biocompatibility, immobilization of drug

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