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      The role of extracellular vesicles in circulating tumor cell-mediated distant metastasis

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          Abstract

          Current research has demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are very closely related in the process of distant tumor metastasis. Primary tumors are shed and released into the bloodstream to form CTCs that are referred to as seeds to colonize and grow in soil-like distant target organs, while EVs of tumor and nontumor origin act as fertilizers in the process of tumor metastasis. There is no previous text that provides a comprehensive review of the role of EVs on CTCs during tumor metastasis. In this paper, we reviewed the mechanisms of EVs on CTCs during tumor metastasis, including the ability of EVs to enhance the shedding of CTCs, protect CTCs in circulation and determine the direction of CTC metastasis, thus affecting the distant metastasis of tumors.

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          Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

          Clotilde Théry, Kenneth W Witwer, Elena Aikawa … (2019)
          ABSTRACT The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
          Article 0 comments Cited 3429 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A framework for advancing our understanding of cancer-associated fibroblasts

            Erik Sahai, Igor Astsaturov, Edna Cukierman … (2020)
            Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the tumour microenvironment with diverse functions, including matrix deposition and remodelling, extensive reciprocal signalling interactions with cancer cells and crosstalk with infiltrating leukocytes. As such, they are a potential target for optimizing therapeutic strategies against cancer. However, many challenges are present in ongoing attempts to modulate CAFs for therapeutic benefit. These include limitations in our understanding of the origin of CAFs and heterogeneity in CAF function, with it being desirable to retain some antitumorigenic functions. On the basis of a meeting of experts in the field of CAF biology, we summarize in this Consensus Statement our current knowledge and present a framework for advancing our understanding of this critical cell type within the tumour microenvironment.
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              Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis

              Ayuko Hoshino, Bruno Costa-Silva, Tang-Long Shen … (2015)
              Ever since Stephen Paget’s 1889 hypothesis, metastatic organotropism has remained one of cancer’s greatest mysteries. Here we demonstrate that exosomes from mouse and human lung-, liver- and brain-tropic tumour cells fuse preferentially with resident cells at their predicted destination, namely lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells, liver Kupffer cells and brain endothelial cells. We show that tumour-derived exosomes uptaken by organ-specific cells prepare the pre-metastatic niche. Treatment with exosomes from lung-tropic models redirected the metastasis of bone-tropic tumour cells. Exosome proteomics revealed distinct integrin expression patterns, in which the exosomal integrins α6β4 and α6β1 were associated with lung metastasis, while exosomal integrin αvβ5 was linked to liver metastasis. Targeting the integrins α6β4 and αvβ5 decreased exosome uptake, as well as lung and liver metastasis, respectively. We demonstrate that exosome integrin uptake by resident cells activates Src phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory S100 gene expression. Finally, our clinical data indicate that exosomal integrins could be used to predict organ-specific metastasis.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1260 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jianyong Lei: leijianyong@scu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mol Cancer
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mol Cancer
                Title: Molecular Cancer
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1476-4598
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 November 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 November 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 22
                Electronic Location Identifier: 193
                Affiliations
                Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, ( https://ror.org/011ashp19) Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1909
                DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01909-5
                PMC ID: 10688140
                PubMed ID: 38037077
                SO-VID: ffdc1813-ac10-4214-820e-41c972448335
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 22 August 2023
                Date accepted : 23 November 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: the Sichuan Science and Technology Program
                Award ID: 2023YFS0148
                Award ID: 2023YFS0149
                Funded by: the National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 82300881
                Funded by: The National Natural Science Foundation
                Award ID: 82173245
                Funded by: the Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Project, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
                Award ID: CGZH21004
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2023

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: liquid biopsy,extracellular vesicles,circulating tumor cells,tumor metastasis,pre-metastatic niche,biomarkers
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: liquid biopsy, extracellular vesicles, circulating tumor cells, tumor metastasis, pre-metastatic niche, biomarkers

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