The Social-Democratic Small-State Strategy and Immigration: Sweden in the 21st Century

Mara Fridell, null

doi:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.8.3.0390

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World Review of Political Economy

Volume 8, Issue 3

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The Social-Democratic Small-State Strategy and Immigration: Sweden in the 21st Century

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Author(s): Mara Fridell

Publication date (Print): Fall 2017

Journal: World Review of Political Economy

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: immigration, neoliberalization, small-state strategy, social reproduction, Sweden

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Abstract

This study of neoliberal inclusion politics and policy in twenty-first century Sweden investigates how conservative-liberal tactics target, and dismantle, the institutionalization of relatively resilient socialist-feminist small-state governance. Analyzing authoritative conservative-liberal discursive tactics, particularly how they construct a state of moral emergency out of population change (immigration) within the high-capacity state and society, exposes their political target: How the state's capacity to include semi-sovereign labor, to relieve the economic and geopolitical limits upon citizenship, is girded by the state's internalization of social reproduction, particularly its capillary connections through female employment in a welfare state oriented to substantive rationality. Forged at the patrimonial-capitalist turn of the twentieth century, via socialist-women's movements alliance, to stem mass population hemorrhaging and allow stunted Swedish society and economy to develop, this targeted social-democratic governance crux is the basis for the small state's outsized capacity to moderate the society's, citizens', and residents' subjection to exploitation and appropriation within global monopoly capitalism's hegemonic geopolitics of militarized accumulation and resultant population dislocations.

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Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): worlrevipoliecon

Title: World Review of Political Economy

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 2042891X

ISSN (Electronic): 20428928

Publication date (Print): Fall 2017

Volume: 8

Issue: 3

Pages: 390-415

Article

Publisher ID: worlrevipoliecon.8.3.0390

DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.8.3.0390

SO-VID: 73f67c22-5ccf-4154-a241-38b51eac475c

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References

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Abraham, D. 2010. “Doing Justice on Two Fronts: The Liberal Dilemma in Immigration.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 33 (6): 968–85.
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Anxo, D., and T. Ericson. 2015. Labor Market Measures in Sweden 2008–2013: The Crisis and Beyond . Geneva: ILO.
Behtoui, A. 2004. “Unequal Opportunities for Young People with Immigrant Backgrounds in the Swedish Labour Market.” Labour 18 (4): 633–60.
Borjas, G. J. 1988. International Differences in the Labor Market Performance of Immigrants . Kalamazoo: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
Caudwell, C. 2006. “Islam on the Outskirts of the Welfare State.” The New York Times , February 5. Accessed December 10, 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/magazine/islam-on-the-outskirts-of-the-welfare-state.html.
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Ekberg, J. 1997. Andra Generationens Invandrare. Demografi och Arbetsmarknad . Växsjö, Sweden: Högskolan i Växsjö.
Esping-Anderson, G. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism . Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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Forsander, A. 2004. “Social Capital in the Context of Immigration and Diversity: Economic Participation in the Nordic Welfare States.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 5 (2): 207–27.
Fraser, N. 2013. “Reframing Justice in a Globalizing World.” in Fortunes of Feminism: From State-Managed Capitalism to Neoliberal Crisis , edited by N. Fraser, 189–208. London: Verso.
Hansen, R. 2009. “The Poverty of Postnationalism: Citizenship, Immigration, and the New Europe.” Theoretical Sociology 38: 1–24.
Hansson, P. A. 1928. “Folkhemmet [People's home].” Stockholm, January 18. Accessed December 10, 2016. http://www.svenskatal.se/1928011-per-albin-hansson-folkhemstalet/.
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Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. 1994. Gendered Transitions: Mexican Experiences of Immigration . Berkeley: University of California Press.
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Howell, D. R. and M. Diallo. 2007. “Charting U.S. Economic Performance with Alternative Labor Market Indicators: The Importance of Accounting for Job Quality.” SCEPA Working Paper 2007–6, Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis and Department of Economics, The New School for Social Research, New York.
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Portes, A., and R. D. Manning. 1986. “The Immigrant Enclave: Theory and Empirical Examples.” in Competitive Ethnic Relations , edited by J. Nagel and S. Olzak, 47–68. New York: Academic Press.
Portes, A., and R. Rumbaut. 1996. Immigrant America: A Portrait . Berkeley: University of California Press.
Portes, A., and M. Zhou. 1996. “Self-Employment and the Earnings of Immigrants.” American Sociological Review 61 (2): 219–30.
Radcliff, B. 2013. The Political Economy of Human Happiness: How Voters' Choices Determine the Quality of Life . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Sahlin, M. 1999. “Debattartikel I Aftonbladet 29 November 1999.” Accessed December 10, 2016. http://www.regeringen.se/monasahlin/.
Samuelsson, K. 1975. “Philosophy of Swedish Welfare Policies.” in Sweden's Development from Poverty to Affluence, 1750–1970 , edited by S. Koblik, 335–53. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
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Waldinger, R., and G. Gilbertson. 1994. “Immigrants' Progress: Ethnic and Gender Differences among U.S. Immigrants in the 1980s.” Sociological Perspectives 37 (3): 431–44.
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Zolberg, A. R. 2006. A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America . New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Abraham, D. 2008. “Constitutional Patriotism, Citizenship, and Belonging.” International Journal of Constitution Law 6 (1): 137–52.

[2] Abraham, D. 2010. “Doing Justice on Two Fronts: The Liberal Dilemma in Immigration.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 33 (6): 968–85.

[3] Antecol, H. 2000. “An Examination of Cross-Country Differences in the Gender Gap in Labor Force Participation Rates.” Labour Economics 7 (4): 409–26.

[4] Anxo, D., and T. Ericson. 2015. Labor Market Measures in Sweden 2008–2013: The Crisis and Beyond . Geneva: ILO.

[5] Behtoui, A. 2004. “Unequal Opportunities for Young People with Immigrant Backgrounds in the Swedish Labour Market.” Labour 18 (4): 633–60.

[6] Borjas, G. J. 1988. International Differences in the Labor Market Performance of Immigrants . Kalamazoo: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.

[7] Caudwell, C. 2006. “Islam on the Outskirts of the Welfare State.” The New York Times , February 5. Accessed December 10, 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/magazine/islam-on-the-outskirts-of-the-welfare-state.html.

[8] Central Intelligence Agency. 2006. “Sweden.” World Fact Book . Accessed December 10, 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sw.html.

[9] Chiswick, B. R. 1999. “Are Immigrants Favorably Self-Selected?” American Economic Review 89: 181–85.

[10] Ekberg, J. 1997. Andra Generationens Invandrare. Demografi och Arbetsmarknad . Växsjö, Sweden: Högskolan i Växsjö.

[11] Esping-Anderson, G. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism . Princeton: Princeton University Press.

[12] European Commission. 2016. “Standard Eurobarometer 86.” Public Opinion in the European Union. December. Brussels: European Commission, Directorate General for Communication. Accessed December 10, 2016. https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/76422.

[13] Fassman, H., and R. Munz. 1994. European Migration in the Late Twentieth Century: Historical Patterns, Actual Trends, and Social Implications . Aldershot: Edward Elgar.

[14] Forsander, A. 2004. “Social Capital in the Context of Immigration and Diversity: Economic Participation in the Nordic Welfare States.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 5 (2): 207–27.

[15] Fraser, N. 2013. “Reframing Justice in a Globalizing World.” in Fortunes of Feminism: From State-Managed Capitalism to Neoliberal Crisis , edited by N. Fraser, 189–208. London: Verso.

[16] Hansen, R. 2009. “The Poverty of Postnationalism: Citizenship, Immigration, and the New Europe.” Theoretical Sociology 38: 1–24.

[17] Hansson, P. A. 1928. “Folkhemmet [People's home].” Stockholm, January 18. Accessed December 10, 2016. http://www.svenskatal.se/1928011-per-albin-hansson-folkhemstalet/.

[18] Hjerm, M. 2005. “Integration into the Social Democratic Welfare State.” Social Indicators Research 70 (2): 117–38.

[19] Hobbes, T. (1651) 1968. Leviathan . Baltimore: Penguin.

[20] Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. 1994. Gendered Transitions: Mexican Experiences of Immigration . Berkeley: University of California Press.

[21] Howe, N., and R. Jackson. 2006. “Long-Term Immigration Projection Methods: Current Practice and How to Improve It.” Center for Retirement Research Working Papers, Center for Retirement Research, Boston College, Boston.

[22] Howell, D. R. and M. Diallo. 2007. “Charting U.S. Economic Performance with Alternative Labor Market Indicators: The Importance of Accounting for Job Quality.” SCEPA Working Paper 2007–6, Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis and Department of Economics, The New School for Social Research, New York.

[23] Kamali, M. 1997. Distorted Integration: Clientization of Immigrants in Sweden . Uppsala: Center for Multiethnic Research.

[24] Katseli, L. T. 2004. “Immigrants and EU Labor Markets.” Migration Policy Institute. Accessed December 10, 2016. http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=274.

[25] Kogan, I. 2003. “Ex-Yugoslavs in the Austrian and Swedish Labour Markets: The Significance of the Period of Migration and the Effect of Citizenship Acquisition,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 29 (4): 595–622.

[26] Kogan, I. 2006. “Labor Markets and Economic Incorporation among Recent Immigrants in Europe.” Social Forces 85 (2): 697–721.

[27] Koopmans, R., P. Statham, M. Guigni, and F. Passey. 2005. Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural Diversity in Europe . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

[28] Kruse, K. 2005. White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism . Princeton: Princeton University.

[29] Massey, D. S. 1999. “Why Does Immigration Occur? A Theoretical Synthesis.” in The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience , edited by C. Hirschman, P. Kasinitz, and J. DeWind, 34–52. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

[30] Model, S. 1997. “An Occupational Tale of Two Cities: Minorities in London and New York.” Demography 34 (4): 539–50.

[31] Model, S. 2005. “Nonwhite Origins, Anglo Destinations: Immigrants in the USA and Britain.” in Ethnicity, Social Mobility, and Public Policy: Comparing the US and UK , edited by Glenn C. Loury, 363–92. New York: Cambridge University Press.

[32] Model, S., and D. Ladipo. 1996. “Context and Opportunity: Minorities in London and New York.” Social Forces 75: 485–510.

[33] OECD. 2005. “OECD Economic Surveys: Sweden 2005.” Accessed December 10, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-swe-2005-en.

[34] OECD. 2007a. “Annex Table I.A1.4 ‘Employment Rates for Immigrants, the Second Generation and Other Native Born.’” International Migration Outlook 2007 . September 2007. Accessed December 10, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook-2007-en.

[35] OECD. 2007b. “Economic Survey of Sweden: Making Employment Inclusive—For Immigrants and Natives Alike.” February 14. Accessed December 10, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-swe-2007-en.

[36] Pessar, P. R. 1999. “The Role of Gender, Households, and Social Networks in the Migration Process: A Review and Appraisal.” in The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience , edited by C. Hirschman, P. Kasinitz, and J. DeWind, 53–70. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

[37] Piore, M. J. 1979. Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor Industrial Societies . New York: Cambridge University Press.

[38] Pollin, R. 2003. Contours of Descent: U.S. Economic Fractures and the Landscape of Global Austerity . New York: Verso.

[39] Portes, A., and R. D. Manning. 1986. “The Immigrant Enclave: Theory and Empirical Examples.” in Competitive Ethnic Relations , edited by J. Nagel and S. Olzak, 47–68. New York: Academic Press.

[40] Portes, A., and R. Rumbaut. 1996. Immigrant America: A Portrait . Berkeley: University of California Press.

[41] Portes, A., and M. Zhou. 1996. “Self-Employment and the Earnings of Immigrants.” American Sociological Review 61 (2): 219–30.

[42] Radcliff, B. 2013. The Political Economy of Human Happiness: How Voters' Choices Determine the Quality of Life . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[43] Raijman, R., and M. Tienda. 1999. “Immigrants' Socioeconomic Progress Post-1965: Forging Mobility or Survival?” in The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience , edited by C. Hirschman, P. Kasinitz, and J. DeWind, 239–56. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

[44] Rojas, M. (1996) 1999. Efter folkhemmet: En agenda för Sveriges förnyelse . Stockholm: Timbro.

[45] Sahlin, M. 1999. “Debattartikel I Aftonbladet 29 November 1999.” Accessed December 10, 2016. http://www.regeringen.se/monasahlin/.

[46] Samuelsson, K. 1975. “Philosophy of Swedish Welfare Policies.” in Sweden's Development from Poverty to Affluence, 1750–1970 , edited by S. Koblik, 335–53. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

[47] Schmitt, J., and B. Zipperer. 2006. “Is the U.S. a Good Model for Reducing Social Exclusion in Europe?” Post-Autistic Economics Review 40: 2–17.

[48] Slaverda, W., S. Bazen, M. Gregory, S. Connolly, P. Gottschalk, A. de Grip, R. Leontaridi, et al. 2000. “The European-American Employment Gap, Wage Inequality, Earnings Mobility and Skill: A Study for France, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Final Report.” EU Commission. Accessed December 10, 2016. http://aei.pitt.edu/34777/.

[49] Sugrue, T. J. 1996. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit . Princeton: Princeton University Press.

[50] United States Census Bureau. 2006. “Current Population Survey (CPS).” Accessed December 10, 2016. http://www.census.gov/cps/.

[51] van Tubergen, F., I. Maas, and H. Flap. 2004. “The Economic Incorporation of Immigrants in 18 Western Societies: Origin, Destination, and Community Effects.” American Sociological Review 69 (5): 704–27.

[52] Waldinger, R., and G. Gilbertson. 1994. “Immigrants' Progress: Ethnic and Gender Differences among U.S. Immigrants in the 1980s.” Sociological Perspectives 37 (3): 431–44.

[53] Zhou, M., and J. R. Logan. 1989. “Returns on Human Capital in Ethnic Enclaves: New York City's Chinatown.” American Sociological Review 54: 809–20.

[54] Zolberg, A. R. 2006. A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America . New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

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