Upscaling Agroecology: A Marxist Political Economy Approach to the “Feed the World” Debate

Zhaochang Peng, null

doi:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.9.2.0188

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World Review of Political Economy

Volume 9, Issue 2

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Upscaling Agroecology: A Marxist Political Economy Approach to the “Feed the World” Debate

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Author(s): Zhaochang Peng

Publication date (Print): Summer 2018

Journal: World Review of Political Economy

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: Marxist political economy, agroecology, industrial agriculture, small peasant economy, socialism

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Abstract

Since the outbreak of the 2007–2008 global food crisis, the two models of industrial agriculture and agroecology have been involved in a heated debate about how to feed the world. Despite their sharp differences on the choice of agricultural technology and preferred policy priorities, both sides exhibit a narrow understanding of the relationship between technology and social institution. A Marxist political economy approach, based on the insights of classic Marxist theorists into agricultural technologies in alternative institutional contexts, is developed to look beyond the two sides of the debate. Upon careful examination of agroecology as an ecological sublation of industrial agriculture and of conscious social control of production as an institutional sublation of capitalism, this article concludes that socialism is more suitable than small peasant economy for achieving the twin goals of fully scaling up agroecology and promoting socioeconomic equality for small peasants.

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Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): worlrevipoliecon

Title: World Review of Political Economy

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 2042891X

ISSN (Electronic): 20428928

Publication date (Print): Summer 2018

Volume: 9

Issue: 2

Pages: 188-210

Article

Publisher ID: worlrevipoliecon.9.2.0188

DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.9.2.0188

SO-VID: 87dbdba7-ef84-4fbb-91c7-f82f82ff724c

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References

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Altieri, M. A., and F. R. Funes-Monzote. 2012. “The Paradox of Cuban Agriculture.” Monthly Review 63 (8): 23–33.
Altieri, M. A., and C. I. Nicholls. 2012. “Agroecology Scaling Up for Food Sovereignty and Resiliency.” Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 11: 1–29.
Altieri, M. A., and P. Rosset. 1999. “Ten Reasons Why Biotechnology Will Not Ensure Food Security, Protect the Environment, and Reduce Poverty in The Developing World.” AgBioForum 2 (3&4): 155–162.
Azevedo, C. 2016. “Gaining Land and Gaining Ground? The Popular Agrarian Reform by the Landless RuralWorkers' Movement (MST) in Brazil.” Accessed April 15, 2018. https://www.iss.nl/sites/corporate/files/52-ICAS_CP_Azevedo.pdf.
Clausen, R., and S. B. Longo. 2015. “Metabolic Rifts and Restoration: Agricultural Crises and the Potential of Cuba's Organic, Socialist Approach to Food Production.” World Review of Political Economy 6 (1): 4–32.
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Guo, L., G. Wu, Y. Li, C. Li, W. Liu, J. Meng, H. Liu, et al. 2016. “Effects of Cattle Manure Compost Combined with Chemical Fertilizer on Topsoil Organic Matter, Bulk Density and Earthworm Activity in a Wheat-Maize Rotation System in Eastern China.” Soil and Tillage Research 156: 140–147.
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Jiang, G. 2013. “Zhongguo Nongye de Weilai Zaiyu Hezuohua yu Shengtaihua—Jinian Maozhuxi Danchen 120 Zhounian” [The Future of China's Agriculture Lies in Cooperativization and Agroecology—In Memory of the 120th Anniversary of Chairman Mao's Birth]. Accessed April 15, 2018. http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-475-738748.html.
Jiang, G. 2016. “Hongyi Nongchang Chenggong Tansuo chu Dichengben Wuhaihua Zacao Zhili Xin Tujing” [Hongyi Farm Succeeds in Exploring a New Low-Cost, Harmless Approach to Weed Control]. Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.mzfxw.com/e/action/ShowInfo.php?classid=15&id=74699.
Levins, R. 2005. “How Cuba Is Going Ecological.” Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 16 (3): 7–25.
Liu, H., J. Meng, W. Bo, D. Cheng, Y. Li, L. Guo, C. Li, et al. 2016. “Biodiversity Management of Organic Farming Enhances Agricultural Sustainability.” Scientific Reports 6: 23816.
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Wezel, A., S. Bellon, T. Doré, C. Francis, D. Vallod, and C. David. 2009. “Agroecology as a Science, a Movement and a Practice. A Review.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 29 (4): 503–515.
Wise, T. A., and S. Murphy. 2012. “Resolving the Food Crisis: Assessing Global Policy Reforms since 2007.” Report of Global Development and Environment Institute and Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Tufts University. Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/ResolvingFoodCrisis.pdf.
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Zhang, T. 2013. “Zhongkeyuan Jiaoshou Huixiang Ban ‘Guguai’ Nongchang Nian Yingli 30 Wan” [A Professor from Chinese Academy of Sciences Returns to Home Village to Operate a “Weird” Farm Earning 300,000 Yuan Annually]. Qilu Wanbao [Qilu Evening Post], August 5. Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.agri.cn/DFV20/SD/xxny/xcly/201308/t20130806_3550022.htm.
Zhen, Z., H. Liu, N. Wang, L. Guo, J. Meng, N. Ding, G. Wu, and G. Jiang. 2014. “Effects of Manure Compost Application on Soil Microbial Community Diversity and Soil Microenvironments in a Temperate Cropland in China.” PLoS ONE 9 (10): e108555.

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Comment on this article

[1] Abraham, B., O. O. AdeOluwa, H. Araya, T. Berhe, Y. Bhatt, S. Edwards, B. Gujja, et al. 2014. “The System of Crop Intensification: Agroecological Innovations for Improving Agricultural Production, Food Security, and Resilience to Climate Change.” SRI International Network and Resources Center (SRI-Rice), Cornell University. Accessed April 15, 2018. http://sri.cals.cornell.edu/aboutsri/othercrops/SCImonograph_SRIRice2014.pdf.

[2] Altieri, M. A. 1995. Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture . 2nd ed. Boulder: Westview Press.

[3] Altieri, M. A. 2009. “Agroecology, Small Farms, and Food Sovereignty.” Monthly Review 61 (3): 102–113.

[4] Altieri, M. A., and F. R. Funes-Monzote. 2012. “The Paradox of Cuban Agriculture.” Monthly Review 63 (8): 23–33.

[5] Altieri, M. A., and C. I. Nicholls. 2012. “Agroecology Scaling Up for Food Sovereignty and Resiliency.” Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 11: 1–29.

[6] Altieri, M. A., and P. Rosset. 1999. “Ten Reasons Why Biotechnology Will Not Ensure Food Security, Protect the Environment, and Reduce Poverty in The Developing World.” AgBioForum 2 (3&4): 155–162.

[7] Azevedo, C. 2016. “Gaining Land and Gaining Ground? The Popular Agrarian Reform by the Landless RuralWorkers' Movement (MST) in Brazil.” Accessed April 15, 2018. https://www.iss.nl/sites/corporate/files/52-ICAS_CP_Azevedo.pdf.

[8] Clausen, R., and S. B. Longo. 2015. “Metabolic Rifts and Restoration: Agricultural Crises and the Potential of Cuba's Organic, Socialist Approach to Food Production.” World Review of Political Economy 6 (1): 4–32.

[9] Collins, E. D., and K. Chandrasekaran. 2012. A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing?: An Analysis of the “Sustainable Intensification” of Agriculture . Amsterdam: Friends of the Earth International. Accessed April 15, 2018. https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Wolf-in-Sheeps-Clothing-for-web.pdf.

[10] da Silva, J. G. 2012. “Keynote Address at the Economist Conference ‘Feeding the World in 2050.’” Geneva, February 8. Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/FAODG/docs/2012-02-08-DG_Economist_Conference-FINAL.pdf.

[11] De Schutter, O., and G. Vanloqueren. 2011. “The New Green Revolution: How Twenty-First-Century Science Can Feed the World.” Solutions 2 (4): 33–44.

[12] Engels, F. 1990. “The Peasant Question in France and Germany.” In Marx/Engels Collected Works , vol. 27, 481–502. London: Lawrence & Wishart.

[13] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2008. “Report of the High-Level Conference on World Food Security: The Challenges of Climate Change and Bioenergy.” Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/foodclimate/HLCdocs/HLC08-Rep-E.pdf.

[14] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2009. “How to Feed the World in 2050.” Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf.

[15] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2011. “Save and Grow: A Policymaker's Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production.” Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2215e/i2215e.pdf.

[16] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2016. “Save and Grow in Practice: Maize, Rice, Wheat.” Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4009e.pdf.

[17] Foster, J. B. 2013. “Marx and the Rift in the Universal Metabolism of Nature.” Monthly Review 65 (7): 1–19.

[18] Garnett, T., and C. Godfray. 2012. “Sustainable Intensification in Agriculture: Navigating a Course through Competing Food System Priorities.” Accessed April 15, 2018. https://www.fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/SI_report_final.pdf.

[19] Gates Foundation. 2011. “Agricultural Development: Strategy Overview.” Accessed April 15, 2018. https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/Documents/agricultural-development-strategy-overview.pdf.

[20] Guo, L., G. Wu, C. Li, W. Liu, X. Yu, D. Cheng, and G. Jiang. 2015. “Vermicomposting with Maize Increases Agricultural Benefits by 304%.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 35 (3): 1149–1155.

[21] Guo, L., G. Wu, Y. Li, C. Li, W. Liu, J. Meng, H. Liu, et al. 2016. “Effects of Cattle Manure Compost Combined with Chemical Fertilizer on Topsoil Organic Matter, Bulk Density and Earthworm Activity in a Wheat-Maize Rotation System in Eastern China.” Soil and Tillage Research 156: 140–147.

[22] Halabi, W., and R. Levins. 2010. “Scientific Development of Agricultural Productivity after a Socialist Revolution.” World Review of Political Economy 1 (2): 305–314.

[23] Holt-Giménez, E., and M. A. Altieri. 2013. “Agroecology, Food Sovereignty, and the New Green Revolution.” Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 37 (1): 90–102.

[24] Holt-Giménez, E., A. Shattuck, M. Altieri, H. Herren, and S. Gliessman. 2012. “We Already Grow Enough Food for 10 Billion People … and Still Can't End Hunger.” Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 36 (6): 595–598.

[25] Hu, X. 2015. “Yiwei Kexuejia de Shengtai Nongye Shiyan” [An Agroecological Experiment by a Scientist]. Zhongguo Kexue Bao [China Science Daily], April 1, 5. Accessed April 15, 2018. http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2015/4/316116.shtm?id=316116.

[26] International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development. 2009a. “Agriculture at a Crossroads: Global Report.” Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/est/Investment/Agriculture_at_a_Crossroads_Global_Report_IAASTD.pdf.

[27] International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development. 2009b. “Agriculture at a Crossroads: Summary for Decision Makers of the Global Report.” Accessed April 15, 2018. https://www.weltagrarbericht.de/fileadmin/files/weltagrarbericht/IAASTDBerichte/GlobalSDM.pdf.

[28] International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development. 2009c. “Agriculture at a Crossroads: Synthesis Report.” Accessed April 15, 2018. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/7862.

[29] International Fund for Agricultural Development. 2010. “Rural Poverty Report 2011: New Realities, New Challenges.” Accessed April 15, 2018. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0761B50B87EC879BC12577F10051867C-IFAD_Dec2010.pdf.

[30] Jiang, G. 2013. “Zhongguo Nongye de Weilai Zaiyu Hezuohua yu Shengtaihua—Jinian Maozhuxi Danchen 120 Zhounian” [The Future of China's Agriculture Lies in Cooperativization and Agroecology—In Memory of the 120th Anniversary of Chairman Mao's Birth]. Accessed April 15, 2018. http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-475-738748.html.

[31] Jiang, G. 2016. “Hongyi Nongchang Chenggong Tansuo chu Dichengben Wuhaihua Zacao Zhili Xin Tujing” [Hongyi Farm Succeeds in Exploring a New Low-Cost, Harmless Approach to Weed Control]. Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.mzfxw.com/e/action/ShowInfo.php?classid=15&id=74699.

[32] Levins, R. 2005. “How Cuba Is Going Ecological.” Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 16 (3): 7–25.

[33] Liu, H., J. Meng, W. Bo, D. Cheng, Y. Li, L. Guo, C. Li, et al. 2016. “Biodiversity Management of Organic Farming Enhances Agricultural Sustainability.” Scientific Reports 6: 23816.

[34] Marx, K. 1979. “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.” In Marx/Engels Collected Works , vol. 11, 99–197. London: Lawrence & Wishart.

[35] Marx, K. 1990. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy , vol. 1. Translated by B. Fowkes. London: Penguin Books.

[36] Marx, K. 1991. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy , vol. 3. Translated by D. F. Bach. London: Penguin Books.

[37] Marx, K., and F. Engels. 2005. The Communist Manifesto: A Road Map to History's Most Important Political Document . Edited by P. Gasper. Chicago: Haymarket Books.

[38] Meng, J., L. Li, H. Liu, Y. Li, C. Li, G. Wu, X. Yu, et al. 2016. “Biodiversity Management of Organic Orchard Enhances Both Ecological and Economic Profitability.” PeerJ 4: e2137.

[39] Mier, B. 2017. “MST and the Fight to Change the Brazilian Power Structure: An Interview with Gilmar Mauro.” Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.coha.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Brian-Mier-Gilmar-Mauro-Interview.pdf.

[40] Montpellier Panel. 2013. “Sustainable Intensification: A New Paradigm for African Agriculture.” Accessed April 15, 2018. https://ag4impact.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Montpellier-Panel-Report-2013-Sustainable-Intensification-A-New-Paradigm-for-African-Agriculture-1.pdf.

[41] MST National Secretariat. 2013. “Agrarian Program of the MST.” Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.mstbrazil.org/files/CRI%20-%20%20Agrarian%20Program%20of%20the%20MST%20-%20dez13.pdf.

[42] Parmentier, S. 2014. Scaling-Up Agroecological Approaches: What, Why and How? Belgium: Oxfam-Solidarity. Accessed April 15, 2018. https://www.oxfamsol.be/fr/scaling-agroecological-approaches-what-why-and-how.

[43] Sharif, A. 2011. “Technical Adaptations for Mechanized SRI Production to Achieve Water Saving and Increased Profitability in Punjab, Pakistan.” Paddy and Water Environment 9 (1): 111–119.

[44] The Royal Society. 2009. “Reaping the Benefits: Science and the Sustainable Intensification of Global Agriculture.” Accessed April 15, 2018. https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Roya_Society_Content/policy/publications/2009/4294967719.pdf.

[45] Tittonell, P. 2014. “Ecological Intensification of Agriculture—Sustainable by Nature.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 8: 53–61.

[46] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2013. “Wake Up Before It Is Too Late: Make Agriculture Truly Sustainable Now for Food Security in a Changing Climate.” Accessed April 15, 2018. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditcted2012d3_en.pdf.

[47] Wezel, A., S. Bellon, T. Doré, C. Francis, D. Vallod, and C. David. 2009. “Agroecology as a Science, a Movement and a Practice. A Review.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 29 (4): 503–515.

[48] Wise, T. A., and S. Murphy. 2012. “Resolving the Food Crisis: Assessing Global Policy Reforms since 2007.” Report of Global Development and Environment Institute and Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Tufts University. Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/ResolvingFoodCrisis.pdf.

[49] World Economic Forum. 2012. “Putting the New Vision for Agriculture into Action: A Transformation Is Happening.” Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_FB_NewVisionAgriculture_HappeningTransformation_Report_2012.pdf.

[50] Wu, G., D. Cheng, L. Li, C. Li, G. Jiang, and Y. Zheng. 2018. “Biomass Energy Utilization and Soil Carbon Sequestration in Rural China: A Case Study Based on Circular Agriculture.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 10 (1): 013107.

[51] Zhang, T. 2013. “Zhongkeyuan Jiaoshou Huixiang Ban ‘Guguai’ Nongchang Nian Yingli 30 Wan” [A Professor from Chinese Academy of Sciences Returns to Home Village to Operate a “Weird” Farm Earning 300,000 Yuan Annually]. Qilu Wanbao [Qilu Evening Post], August 5. Accessed April 15, 2018. http://www.agri.cn/DFV20/SD/xxny/xcly/201308/t20130806_3550022.htm.

[52] Zhen, Z., H. Liu, N. Wang, L. Guo, J. Meng, N. Ding, G. Wu, and G. Jiang. 2014. “Effects of Manure Compost Application on Soil Microbial Community Diversity and Soil Microenvironments in a Temperate Cropland in China.” PLoS ONE 9 (10): e108555.

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