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      Infections in children with diabetes Translated title: Infecções na criança com diabetes

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The association between diabetes mellitus and infections is very common. These infections, even when mild, interfere with blood glucose control. The aim of this review is to describe infections that occur in children and adolescents with DM, as well as to provide recommendations on glycemia management during these episodes.

          Source of data

          A non-systematic review was carried out in the PubMed database, using the terms “diabetes mellitus,” “infection,” “children,” and “adolescents.” The most relevant publications were selected.

          Synthesis of data

          In addition to the usual community diseases, some infections may occur predominantly in diabetic patients, especially when there is inadequate glycemic control, and common infections can be more severe in these patients. Alterations caused by the disease itself and the immune response are responsible for the risk of higher frequency and severity of infections. During infections, an increase in blood glucose occurs and usually an increase in insulin dose is required.

          Conclusions

          Pediatric patients with diabetes have some immune system disorders that, when associated with high glycemia, increase the risk of infections and their severity, and should be promptly identified and treated. The presence of an infectious condition, in turn, raises blood glucose and increases the risk of decompensation, and pediatricians should be cautioned to intensify monitoring and insulin therapy, and to avoid the risk of DKA. It should also be noted that many infections are preventable and can be avoided with adequate vaccine coverage.

          Resumo

          Objetivo

          A associação entre diabetes mellitus e infecções é muito frequente. Essas infecções, mesmo quando leves, interferem no controle da glicemia. O objetivo desta revisão é descrever as infecções que ocorrem em crianças e adolescentes com DM, bem como orientar o manejo glicêmico nestes episódios.

          Fonte dos dados

          Foi feita uma revisão não sistemática na base de dados PubMed, com os termos “diabetes mellitus’’, “infecção’’, “crianças’’ e “adolescentes”. Foram selecionadas as publicações mais relevantes.

          Síntese dos dados

          Além de infecções comunitárias habituais, algumas infecções ocorrem predominantemente no paciente com diabetes, principalmente quando não há um controle glicêmico adequado, e infecções comuns podem ser mais graves nesse paciente. Alterações da própria doença e da resposta imune, em conjunto com alterações do microbioma, são responsáveis pela maior frequência e gravidade das infecções. Durante as infecções, ocorre um aumento da glicemia e habitualmente é necessário o aumento da dose de insulina.

          Conclusões

          O paciente pediátrico com diabetes apresenta algumas desordens imunes que, quando associadas a elevaçao da glicemia, aumentam o risco de infecção e sua gravidade. A presença da infecção, por sua vez, eleva a glicemia e aumenta o risco de descompensação. Desta forma, a monitorização da glicemia, bem como o aumento da dose de insulina, são fundamentais para evitar o risco de cetoacidose diabética. Destaca-se ainda que muitas infecções são imunopreveníveis e podem ser evitadas com uma cobertura vacinal adequada.

          Related collections

          Most cited references43

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          2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019

          (2018)
          The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes" includes ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations, please refer to the Standards of Care Introduction Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
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            Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

            It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. IDSA considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances.
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              State of Type 1 Diabetes Management and Outcomes from the T1D Exchange in 2016–2018

              To provide a snapshot of the profile of adults and youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the United States and assessment of longitudinal changes in T1D management and clinical outcomes in the T1D Exchange registry.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Pediatr (Rio J)
                J Pediatr (Rio J)
                Jornal de Pediatria
                Elsevier
                0021-7557
                1678-4782
                27 October 2019
                Mar-Apr 2020
                27 October 2019
                : 96
                : Suppl 1
                : 39-46
                Affiliations
                [a ]Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Departamento de Pediatria, Unidade de Endocrinologia Pediátrica e Ambulatório de Diabetes Pediátrico, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
                [b ]Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Departamento de Pediatria, Unidade de Infectologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
                [c ]Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Departamento de Pediatria, Ambulatório de Diabetes Pediátrico, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. caliari@ 123456uol.com.br
                Article
                S0021-7557(19)30554-6
                10.1016/j.jped.2019.09.004
                9432288
                31666181
                d3ab8a1d-11b1-4f3a-8bd6-17ed87a6eaeb
                © 2019 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 16 September 2019
                : 16 September 2019
                Categories
                Review Article

                diabetes mellitus,infection,child,adolescent,insulin,infecção,criança,adolescente,insulina

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