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      Effect of Essential Oils on Pathogenic Bacteria

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          Abstract

          The increasing resistance of microorganisms to conventional chemicals and drugs is a serious and evident worldwide problem that has prompted research into the identification of new biocides with broad activity. Plants and their derivatives, such as essential oils, are often used in folk medicine. In nature, essential oils play an important role in the protection of plants. Essential oils contain a wide variety of secondary metabolites that are capable of inhibiting or slowing the growth of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Essential oils and their components have activity against a variety of targets, particularly the membrane and cytoplasm, and in some cases, they completely change the morphology of the cells. This brief review describes the activity of essential oils against pathogenic bacteria.

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          Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils.

          H. J. D. Dorman, S G Deans (2000)
          The volatile oils of black pepper [Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)], clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae)], geranium [Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit (Geraniaceae)], nutmeg [Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), oregano [Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Letsw. (Lamiaceae)] and thyme [Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae)] were assessed for antibacterial activity against 25 different genera of bacteria. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage bacteria. The volatile oils exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all the organisms under test while their major components demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.
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            Essential Oils in Food Preservation: Mode of Action, Synergies, and Interactions with Food Matrix Components

            Morten Hyldgaard, Tina Mygind, Rikke Louise Meyer … (2012)
            Essential oils are aromatic and volatile liquids extracted from plants. The chemicals in essential oils are secondary metabolites, which play an important role in plant defense as they often possess antimicrobial properties. The interest in essential oils and their application in food preservation has been amplified in recent years by an increasingly negative consumer perception of synthetic preservatives. Furthermore, food-borne diseases are a growing public health problem worldwide, calling for more effective preservation strategies. The antibacterial properties of essential oils and their constituents have been documented extensively. Pioneering work has also elucidated the mode of action of a few essential oil constituents, but detailed knowledge about most of the compounds’ mode of action is still lacking. This knowledge is particularly important to predict their effect on different microorganisms, how they interact with food matrix components, and how they work in combination with other antimicrobial compounds. The main obstacle for using essential oil constituents as food preservatives is that they are most often not potent enough as single components, and they cause negative organoleptic effects when added in sufficient amounts to provide an antimicrobial effect. Exploiting synergies between several compounds has been suggested as a solution to this problem. However, little is known about which interactions lead to synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects. Such knowledge could contribute to design of new and more potent antimicrobial blends, and to understand the interplay between the constituents of crude essential oils. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge about the antibacterial properties and antibacterial mode of action of essential oils and their constituents, and to identify research avenues that can facilitate implementation of essential oils as natural preservatives in foods.
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              Characterization of the Action of Selected Essential Oil Components on Gram-Negative Bacteria

              Ilkka M. Helander, Hanna-Leena Alakomi, Kyösti Latva-Kala … (1998)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): pharmaceuticals
                Title: Pharmaceuticals
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8247
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 November 2013
                Publication date Collection: December 2013
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 1451-1474
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, ISA-CNR, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; E-Mails: fratianni@ 123456isa.cnr.it (F.F.); direttore@ 123456isa.cnr.it (R.C)
                [2 ]Dipartimento di Farmacia,Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; E-Mails: ldemarti@ 123456unisa.it (L.D.M.); defeo@ 123456unisa.it (V.D.F.)
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: mena@ 123456isa.cnr.it ; Tel.: +39-0925-299-102; Fax: + 39-0825-781-585.
                Article
                Publisher ID: pharmaceuticals-06-01451
                DOI: 10.3390/ph6121451
                PMC ID: 3873673
                PubMed ID: 24287491
                SO-VID: 6d1e6c34-b7ce-4f8e-bc51-19b85bde6eec
                Copyright © © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 22 September 2013
                Date revision received : 29 October 2013
                Date accepted : 08 November 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: essential oils,antimicrobial,cell membrane,microbial morphology,metabolome,fatty acids,quorum sensing
                Data availability:
                Keywords: essential oils, antimicrobial, cell membrane, microbial morphology, metabolome, fatty acids, quorum sensing

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