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      Essential Oils and Antifungal Activity

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          Abstract

          Since ancient times, folk medicine and agro-food science have benefitted from the use of plant derivatives, such as essential oils, to combat different diseases, as well as to preserve food. In Nature, essential oils play a fundamental role in protecting the plant from biotic and abiotic attacks to which it may be subjected. Many researchers have analyzed in detail the modes of action of essential oils and most of their components. The purpose of this brief review is to describe the properties of essential oils, principally as antifungal agents, and their role in blocking cell communication mechanisms, fungal biofilm formation, and mycotoxin production.

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          Most cited references129

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          A common mechanism of cellular death induced by bactericidal antibiotics.

          Michael A Kohanski, Daniel Dwyer, Boris Hayete … (2007)
          Antibiotic mode-of-action classification is based upon drug-target interaction and whether the resultant inhibition of cellular function is lethal to bacteria. Here we show that the three major classes of bactericidal antibiotics, regardless of drug-target interaction, stimulate the production of highly deleterious hydroxyl radicals in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, which ultimately contribute to cell death. We also show, in contrast, that bacteriostatic drugs do not produce hydroxyl radicals. We demonstrate that the mechanism of hydroxyl radical formation induced by bactericidal antibiotics is the end product of an oxidative damage cellular death pathway involving the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a transient depletion of NADH, destabilization of iron-sulfur clusters, and stimulation of the Fenton reaction. Our results suggest that all three major classes of bactericidal drugs can be potentiated by targeting bacterial systems that remediate hydroxyl radical damage, including proteins involved in triggering the DNA damage response, e.g., RecA.
          Article 0 comments Cited 889 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils.

            H. J. D. Dorman, S G Deans (2000)
            The volatile oils of black pepper [Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)], clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae)], geranium [Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit (Geraniaceae)], nutmeg [Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), oregano [Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Letsw. (Lamiaceae)] and thyme [Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae)] were assessed for antibacterial activity against 25 different genera of bacteria. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage bacteria. The volatile oils exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all the organisms under test while their major components demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.
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              Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils.

              D Kalemba, A Kunicka (2003)
              In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances, and some questions concerning the safety of synthetic compounds have encouraged more detailed studies of plant resources. Essential oils, odorous and volatile products of plant secondary metabolism, have a wide application in folk medicine, food flavouring and preservation as well as in fragrance industries. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils have been known for many centuries. In recent years (1987-2001), a large number of essential oils and their constituents have been investigated for their antimicrobial properties against some bacteria and fungi in more than 500 reports. This paper reviews the classical methods commonly used for the evaluation of essential oils antibacterial and antifungal activities. The agar diffusion method (paper disc and well) and the dilution method (agar and liquid broth) as well as turbidimetric and impedimetric monitoring of microorganism growth in the presence of tested essential oils are described. Factors influencing the in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils and the mechanisms of essential oils action on microorganisms are reported. This paper gives an overview on the susceptibility of human and food-borne bacteria and fungi towards different essential oils and their constituents. Essential oils of spices and herbs (thyme, origanum, mint, cinnamon, salvia and clove) were found to possess the strongest antimicrobial properties among many tested.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): pharmaceuticals
                Title: Pharmaceuticals
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8247
                Publication date (Electronic): 02 November 2017
                Publication date Collection: December 2017
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 86
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Food Science-National Research Council (CNR-ISA), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; fratianni@ 123456isa.cnr.it
                [2 ]DiAAA, Molise University, Via de Sanctis s.n., 86100 Campobasso, Italy; coppola@ 123456unimol.it
                [3 ]Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; defeo@ 123456unisa.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: mena@ 123456isa.cnr.it ; Tel.: +39-0925-299-102
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5759-7499
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-570X
                Article
                Publisher ID: pharmaceuticals-10-00086
                DOI: 10.3390/ph10040086
                PMC ID: 5748643
                PubMed ID: 29099084
                SO-VID: 054a8edd-9b22-41bf-9a17-239e62e43beb
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 October 2017
                Date accepted : 30 October 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: essential oils,antifungal,biofilm,mycotoxins,quorum sensing,human health
                Data availability:
                Keywords: essential oils, antifungal, biofilm, mycotoxins, quorum sensing, human health

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