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      Artificial exosomes for translational nanomedicine

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          Abstract

          Exosomes are lipid bilayer membrane vesicles and are emerging as competent nanocarriers for drug delivery. The clinical translation of exosomes faces many challenges such as massive production, standard isolation, drug loading, stability and quality control. In recent years, artificial exosomes are emerging based on nanobiotechnology to overcome the limitations of natural exosomes. Major types of artificial exosomes include ‘nanovesicles (NVs)’, ‘exosome-mimetic (EM)’ and ‘hybrid exosomes (HEs)’, which are obtained by top-down, bottom-up and biohybrid strategies, respectively. Artificial exosomes are powerful alternatives to natural exosomes for drug delivery. Here, we outline recent advances in artificial exosomes through nanobiotechnology and discuss their strengths, limitations and future perspectives. The development of artificial exosomes holds great values for translational nanomedicine.

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          Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

          Clotilde Théry, Kenneth W Witwer, Elena Aikawa … (2019)
          ABSTRACT The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
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            The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes

            Raghu Kalluri, Valerie LeBleu (2020)
            The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has the potential to identify unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in intercellular communication and in organ homeostasis and disease. Exosomes, with an average diameter of ~100 nanometers, are a subset of EVs. The biogenesis of exosomes involves their origin in endosomes, and subsequent interactions with other intracellular vesicles and organelles generate the final content of the exosomes. Their diverse constituents include nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and metabolites, which can reflect their cell of origin. In various diseases, exosomes offer a window into altered cellular or tissue states, and their detection in biological fluids potentially offers a multicomponent diagnostic readout. The efficient exchange of cellular components through exosomes can inform their applied use in designing exosome-based therapeutics.
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              Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles

              Guillaume van Niel, Gisela D'Angelo, Graça Raposo (2018)
              Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures comprising exosomes and microvesicles, which originate from the endosomal system or which are shed from the plasma membrane, respectively. They are present in biological fluids and are involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles are now considered as an additional mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange proteins, lipids and genetic material. Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern extracellular vesicle biology is essential to shed light on the physiological and pathological functions of these vesicles as well as on clinical applications involving their use and/or analysis. However, in this expanding field, much remains unknown regarding the origin, biogenesis, secretion, targeting and fate of these vesicles.
              Article 0 comments Cited 2374 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Da-Xiong Xiang: xiangdaxiong@csu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Nanobiotechnology
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Nanobiotechnology
                Title: Journal of Nanobiotechnology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1477-3155
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 August 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 12 August 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 19
                Electronic Location Identifier: 242
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.216417.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0379 7164, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, , Central South University, ; 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 China
                [2 ]Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
                [3 ]GRID grid.216417.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0379 7164, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, , Central South University, ; Changsha, China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 986
                DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00986-2
                PMC ID: 8359033
                PubMed ID: 34384440
                SO-VID: 06e4b3dd-438c-4531-a9ec-1313b31850d2
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 11 June 2021
                Date accepted : 4 August 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: hunan provincial science and technology plan
                Award ID: 2016TP2002
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology
                Keywords: artificial,biomaterials,drug delivery,exosomes,nanomedicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology
                Keywords: artificial, biomaterials, drug delivery, exosomes, nanomedicine

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