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      How and Why Chromosome Inversions Evolve

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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS Biology
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Chromosome inversions are a major engine of genome evolution. New genomic and ecological data are beginning to reveal the evolutionary forces that drive the evolution of inversions.

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          Chromosome inversions, local adaptation and speciation.

          Mark Kirkpatrick, Nick Barton (2006)
          We study the evolution of inversions that capture locally adapted alleles when two populations are exchanging migrants or hybridizing. By suppressing recombination between the loci, a new inversion can spread. Neither drift nor coadaptation between the alleles (epistasis) is needed, so this local adaptation mechanism may apply to a broader range of genetic and demographic situations than alternative hypotheses that have been widely discussed. The mechanism can explain many features observed in inversion systems. It will drive an inversion to high frequency if there is no countervailing force, which could explain fixed differences observed between populations and species. An inversion can be stabilized at an intermediate frequency if it also happens to capture one or more deleterious recessive mutations, which could explain polymorphisms that are common in some species. This polymorphism can cycle in frequency with the changing selective advantage of the locally favored alleles. The mechanism can establish underdominant inversions that decrease heterokaryotype fitness by several percent if the cause of fitness loss is structural, while if the cause is genic there is no limit to the strength of underdominance that can result. The mechanism is expected to cause loci responsible for adaptive species-specific differences to map to inversions, as seen in recent QTL studies. We discuss data that support the hypothesis, review other mechanisms for inversion evolution, and suggest possible tests.
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            Resolving the paradox of sex and recombination.

            Sarah Otto, Thomas Lenormand (2002)
            Sexual reproduction and recombination are ubiquitous. However, a large body of theoretical work has shown that these processes should only evolve under a restricted set of conditions. New studies indicate that this discrepancy might result from the fact that previous models have ignored important complexities that face natural populations, such as genetic drift and the spatial structure of populations.
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              A polytene chromosome analysis of the Anopheles gambiae species complex.

              Mario Coluzzi, Adriana Sabatini, Alessandra della Torre … (2002)
              Field-collected specimens of all known taxa in the Anopheles gambiae complex were analyzed on the basis of chromosome inversions with reference to a standard polytene chromosome map. The phylogenetic relationships among the seven described species in the complex could be inferred from the distribution of fixed inversions. Nonrandom patterns of inversion distribution were observed and, particularly on chromosome arm 2R, provided evidence for genetically distinct populations in A. gambiae, A. arabiensis, and A. melas. In A. gambiae from Mali, stable genetic differentiation was observed even in populations living in the same region, suggesting a process of incipient speciation which is being confirmed by studies with molecular markers. The possible role of chromosome differentiation in speciation of the A. gambiae complex and in the emergence of distinct chromosomal forms within the nominal species is discussed in relation to human malaria.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosbiol
                Title: PLoS Biology
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Print): 1544-9173
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-7885
                Publication date Collection: September 2010
                Publication date (Print): September 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 September 2010
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: e1000501
                Affiliations
                [1]Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10-PLBI-P-8177R2
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000501
                PMC ID: 2946949
                PubMed ID: 20927412
                SO-VID: 0cac2e15-2beb-471d-997e-c0502e34f0b1
                Copyright © Mark Kirkpatrick. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Related
                A Widespread Chromosomal Inversion Polymorphism Contributes to a Major Life-History Transition, Local Adaptation, and Reproductive Isolation
                Page count
                Pages: 5
                Categories
                Subject: Primer
                Subject: Ecology/Physiological Ecology
                Subject: Ecology/Spatial and Landscape Ecology
                Subject: Evolutionary Biology/Evolutionary Ecology
                Subject: Evolutionary Biology/Plant Genetics and Gene Expression
                Subject: Evolutionary Biology/Plant Genomes and Evolution
                Subject: Genetics and Genomics/Population Genetics
                Subject: Plant Biology/Plant-Environment Interactions

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences

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