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      Application of Chinese Medicine in Acute and Critical Medical Conditions

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          Abstract

          Western medicine is routinely used in developed nations as well as in Eastern countries, where traditional medicine is frequently used by a selection of patients or family member as a complement to mainstream Western medicine. Chinese medicine plays an important role in the treatment of chronic diseases, especially when Western medicine is not very effective. Many published reports have shown that Chinese medicine could also be successfully used in the management of acute and critical illnesses. Chinese medicine has a holistic view of the human body, and emphasizes individualization based on body balance and mind–body interaction and employs herbal medicines and acupuncture. This review paper gives a brief overview of Chinese medicine theory and therapeutic modality and then addresses the application of Chinese medicine in the treatment of acute and critical medical conditions, including epidemics. Using this ancient therapy as a complementary medicine, the management of serious medical conditions, such as SARS, acute heart diseases, and ischemic cerebral stroke, are presented. In order to promote more widespread application of Chinese medicine, well-designed controlled clinical trials are urgently needed to prove its safety and effectiveness.

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          Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China.

          Y Guan (2003)
          A novel coronavirus (SCoV) is the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). SCoV-like viruses were isolated from Himalayan palm civets found in a live-animal market in Guangdong, China. Evidence of virus infection was also detected in other animals (including a raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides) and in humans working at the same market. All the animal isolates retain a 29-nucleotide sequence that is not found in most human isolates. The detection of SCoV-like viruses in small, live wild mammals in a retail market indicates a route of interspecies transmission, although the natural reservoir is not known.
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            A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses

            Rachel Graham, Eric F. Donaldson, Ralph Baric (2013)
            Key Points Two highly pathogenic human coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), have emerged in the past decade. The lack of any clinically approved antiviral treatments or vaccines for either virus emphasizes the importance of the design of effective therapeutics and preventives. Bats have been implicated as reservoirs of both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV as well as related viruses and other human coronaviruses (HCoVs), such as HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63. The dispersion of bat species over much of the globe probably enhances their potential to act as reservoirs for pathogens, some of which are extremely virulent and potentially lethal to other animals and humans. Multiple animal models for SARS-CoV infection exist, although mouse models have been the most thoroughly characterized. Mouse-adapted SARS-CoV is capable of causing pathology that is representative of human infections in both young and aged animals. Small animal models for MERS-CoV infection have not yet been reported, although the possibility of further ongoing selection in the receptor-binding sequence in the spike protein or other sequences that are important for host specificity might contribute to this limitation. A mild disease phenotype that can include either localized or widespread pneumonia is observed in inoculated macaques. Multiple vaccine strategies have been attempted with coronaviruses, mostly (but not exclusively) targeting the spike glycoprotein. Successful live-attenuated vaccines have utilized reverse genetic strategies to delete the envelope protein or inactivate the exonuclease activity of non-structural protein 14 (nsp14) . MERS-CoV, similarly to SARS-CoV in 2003, has the potential to have a profound impact on the human population; however, its low penetrance thus far suggests that the virus might either ultimately fail to develop a niche in humans or it might still be adapting to human hosts and that the worst of its effects are yet to come. Coronavirus phylogeny shows an incredible diversity in antigenic variants, which leads to limited cross-protection against infection with different strains, even within a phylogenetic subcluster. Consequently, the risk of introducing novel coronaviruses into naive human and animal populations remains high. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nrmicro3143) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Traditional Chinese medicine.

              Jin-Ling Tang, Bao-Yan Liu, Kan-Wen Ma (2008)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine
                Abbreviated Title: Am. J. Chin. Med.
                Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt
                ISSN (Print): 0192-415X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1793-6853
                Publication date Created: January 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): September 23 2019
                Publication date (Print): January 2019
                Volume: 47
                Issue: 06
                Pages: 1223-1235
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, P. R. China
                [2 ]Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
                [3 ]Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
                [4 ]School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
                [5 ]Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
                Article
                DOI: 10.1142/S0192415X19500629
                PubMed ID: 31505937
                SO-VID: 1367db8f-e20e-4e3b-8d34-5a2df2c841d6
                Copyright © © 2019
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