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      Independent organelle and organelle—organelle interactions: essential mechanisms for malignant gynecological cancer cell survival

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          Abstract

          Different eukaryotic cell organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome) are involved in various cancer processes, by dominating specific cellular activities. Organelles cooperate, such as through contact points, in complex biological activities that help the cell regulate energy metabolism, signal transduction, and membrane dynamics, which influence survival process. Herein, we review the current studies of mechanisms by which mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosome are related to the three major malignant gynecological cancers, and their possible therapeutic interventions and drug targets. We also discuss the similarities and differences of independent organelle and organelle–organelle interactions, and their applications to the respective gynecological cancers; mitochondrial dynamics and energy metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, lysosomal regulation and autophagy, organelle interactions, and organelle regulatory mechanisms of cell death play crucial roles in cancer tumorigenesis, progression, and response to therapy. Finally, we discuss the value of organelle research, its current problems, and its future directions.

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          Most cited references138

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          Dynamics and functions of lipid droplets

          Lipid droplets are storage organelles at the centre of lipid and energy homeostasis. They have a unique architecture consisting of a hydrophobic core of neutral lipids, which is enclosed by a phospholipid monolayer that is decorated by a specific set of proteins. Originating from the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets can associate with most other cellular organelles through membrane contact sites. It is becoming apparent that these contacts between lipid droplets and other organelles are highly dynamic and coupled to the cycles of lipid droplet expansion and shrinkage. Importantly, lipid droplet biogenesis and degradation, as well as their interactions with other organelles, are tightly coupled to cellular metabolism and are critical to buffer the levels of toxic lipid species. Thus, lipid droplets facilitate the coordination and communication between different organelles and act as vital hubs of cellular metabolism.
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            Apoptosis in cancer: from pathogenesis to treatment

            Apoptosis is an ordered and orchestrated cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions. It is also one of the most studied topics among cell biologists. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of apoptosis is important as it plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In some, the problem is due to too much apoptosis, such as in the case of degenerative diseases while in others, too little apoptosis is the culprit. Cancer is one of the scenarios where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will not die. The mechanism of apoptosis is complex and involves many pathways. Defects can occur at any point along these pathways, leading to malignant transformation of the affected cells, tumour metastasis and resistance to anticancer drugs. Despite being the cause of problem, apoptosis plays an important role in the treatment of cancer as it is a popular target of many treatment strategies. The abundance of literature suggests that targeting apoptosis in cancer is feasible. However, many troubling questions arise with the use of new drugs or treatment strategies that are designed to enhance apoptosis and critical tests must be passed before they can be used safely in human subjects.
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              The endoplasmic reticulum: structure, function and response to cellular signaling

              The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. The diverse functions of the ER are performed by distinct domains; consisting of tubules, sheets and the nuclear envelope. Several proteins that contribute to the overall architecture and dynamics of the ER have been identified, but many questions remain as to how the ER changes shape in response to cellular cues, cell type, cell cycle state and during development of the organism. Here we discuss what is known about the dynamics of the ER, what questions remain, and how coordinated responses add to the layers of regulation in this dynamic organelle.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2661853Role: Role: Role: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2701962Role: Role: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2671766Role: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1503771Role: Role:
                Journal
                Front Immunol
                Front Immunol
                Front. Immunol.
                Frontiers in Immunology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-3224
                22 April 2024
                2024
                : 15
                : 1393852
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine , Harbin, China
                [2] 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine , Harbin, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Jiankun Xu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China

                Reviewed by: Cristina Benito-Villalvilla, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain

                Tito A. Sandoval, NewYork-Presbyterian, United States

                *Correspondence: Ying Shen, shenying@ 123456hljucm.edu.cn ; Feng-Juan Han, hanfengjuan2004@ 123456163.com
                Article
                10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393852
                11070488
                38711526
                1523b54a-9d11-4504-85e6-64aa44ba2561
                Copyright © 2024 Shen, Chen, Li and Han

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 29 February 2024
                : 08 April 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 139, Pages: 18, Words: 8649
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China , doi 10.13039/501100001809;
                The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. National Natural Science Foundation of China 2023, Grand No. 82305301.
                Categories
                Immunology
                Review
                Custom metadata
                Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy

                Immunology
                organelle,malignant gynecological cancer,mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum,lysosome
                Immunology
                organelle, malignant gynecological cancer, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome

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