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      Metal Nanoparticles: a Promising Treatment for Viral and Arboviral Infections

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          Abstract

          Globally, viral diseases continue to pose a significant threat to public health. Recent outbreaks, such as influenza, coronavirus, Ebola, and dengue, have emphasized the urgent need for new antiviral therapeutics. Considerable efforts have focused on developing metal nanoparticles for the treatment of several pathogenic viruses. As a result of these efforts, metal nanoparticles are demonstrating promising antiviral activity against pathogenic surrogates and clinical isolates. This review summarizes the application of metal nanoparticles for the treatment of viral infections. It provides information on synthesis methods, size-related properties, nano-bio-interaction, and immunological effects of metal nanoparticles. This article also addresses critical criteria and considerations for developing clinically translatable nanosized metal particles to treat viral diseases.

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          Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is size-dependent.

          Wen Jiang, Betty Kim, James T. Rutka … (2008)
          Nanostructures of different sizes, shapes and material properties have many applications in biomedical imaging, clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. In spite of what has been achieved so far, a complete understanding of how cells interact with nanostructures of well-defined sizes, at the molecular level, remains poorly understood. Here we show that gold and silver nanoparticles coated with antibodies can regulate the process of membrane receptor internalization. The binding and activation of membrane receptors and subsequent protein expression strongly depend on nanoparticle size. Although all nanoparticles within the 2-100 nm size range were found to alter signalling processes essential for basic cell functions (including cell death), 40- and 50-nm nanoparticles demonstrated the greatest effect. These results show that nanoparticles should no longer be viewed as simple carriers for biomedical applications, but can also play an active role in mediating biological effects. The findings presented here may assist in the design of nanoscale delivery and therapeutic systems and provide insights into nanotoxicity.
          Article 0 comments Cited 578 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Curcumin: A Review of Its’ Effects on Human Health

            Susan J Hewlings, Douglas Kalman (2017)
            Turmeric, a spice that has long been recognized for its medicinal properties, has received interest from both the medical/scientific world and from culinary enthusiasts, as it is the major source of the polyphenol curcumin. It aids in the management of oxidative and inflammatory conditions, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, anxiety, and hyperlipidemia. It may also help in the management of exercise-induced inflammation and muscle soreness, thus enhancing recovery and performance in active people. In addition, a relatively low dose of the complex can provide health benefits for people that do not have diagnosed health conditions. Most of these benefits can be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Ingesting curcumin by itself does not lead to the associated health benefits due to its poor bioavailability, which appears to be primarily due to poor absorption, rapid metabolism, and rapid elimination. There are several components that can increase bioavailability. For example, piperine is the major active component of black pepper and, when combined in a complex with curcumin, has been shown to increase bioavailability by 2000%. Curcumin combined with enhancing agents provides multiple health benefits. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the plethora of research regarding the health benefits of curcumin.
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              Insight into Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Trafficking of Nanoparticles

              Parisa Foroozandeh, Azlan Aziz (2018)
              Nanoparticle science is rapidly changing the landscape of various scientific fields and defining new technological platforms. This is perhaps even more evident in the field of nanomedicine whereby nanoparticles have been used as a tool for the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases. However, despite the tremendous benefit conferred, common pitfalls of this technology is its potential short and long-term effects on the human body. To understand these issues, many scientific studies have been carried out. This review attempts to shed light on some of these studies and its outcomes. The topics that were examined in this review include the different possible uptake pathways of nanoparticles and intracellular trafficking routes. Additionally, the effect of physicochemical properties of nanoparticle such as size, shape, charge and surface chemistry in determining the mechanism of uptake and biological function of nanoparticles are also addressed.
              Article 0 comments Cited 331 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Kaminee Maduray:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-4056
                madurayk@yahoo.com , madurayk@ukzn.ac.za
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biol Trace Elem Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biol Trace Elem Res
                Title: Biological Trace Element Research
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 0163-4984
                ISSN (Electronic): 1559-0720
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 October 2020
                Pages: 1-18
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.16463.36, ISNI 0000 0001 0723 4123, Department of Virology, , University of KwaZulu-Natal/National Health Laboratory Service, ; Durban, South Africa
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-4056
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2414
                DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02414-2
                PMC ID: 7540915
                PubMed ID: 33029761
                SO-VID: 19f53e2c-eb4a-4bdc-9108-ba419a9890cc
                Copyright © © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 20 July 2020
                Date accepted : 28 September 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Kwazulu-Natal/NHLS
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: metal nanoparticle,nanotherapeutics,virus,arbovirus,treatment,nanotechnology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: metal nanoparticle, nanotherapeutics, virus, arbovirus, treatment, nanotechnology

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