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      Evaluation of electrode-sample contact impedance under different curing humidity conditions during measurement of AC impedance of cement-based materials

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          Abstract

          In this study, a simple method was proposed to calculate electrode-sample contact impedance in the cases of two-point and four-point measurements. The results indicated that when using the saturated calcium hydroxide solution (SCH) as conductive medium, the contact impedance in the four-point measurement is negligible for the impedance range of cement-based materials. The SCH can be used as a reference for correction of the contact impedance. A reasonable combination of curing humidity and different conductive media is recommended for the two-point measurement, which is suitable for testing the ACIS of cement-based materials. In a case of contact impedance not being precisely known, it is highly recommended that a four-point measurement with two different ratios of the length of the sample and the center spacing of the voltage electrodes ( L/ a) should be conducted to evaluate the effect of the contact impedance following the procedure proposed in this study.

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          The 100th anniversary of the four-point probe technique: the role of probe geometries in isotropic and anisotropic systems.

          C. Tegenkamp, F Edler, H. Pfnür … (2015)
          The electrical conductivity of solid-state matter is a fundamental physical property and can be precisely derived from the resistance measured via the four-point probe technique excluding contributions from parasitic contact resistances. Over time, this method has become an interdisciplinary characterization tool in materials science, semiconductor industries, geology, physics, etc, and is employed for both fundamental and application-driven research. However, the correct derivation of the conductivity is a demanding task which faces several difficulties, e.g. the homogeneity of the sample or the isotropy of the phases. In addition, these sample-specific characteristics are intimately related to technical constraints such as the probe geometry and size of the sample. In particular, the latter is of importance for nanostructures which can now be probed technically on very small length scales. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the four-point probe technique, introduced by Frank Wenner, in this review we revisit and discuss various correction factors which are mandatory for an accurate derivation of the resistivity from the measured resistance. Among others, sample thickness, dimensionality, anisotropy, and the relative size and geometry of the sample with respect to the contact assembly are considered. We are also able to derive the correction factors for 2D anisotropic systems on circular finite areas with variable probe spacings. All these aspects are illustrated by state-of-the-art experiments carried out using a four-tip STM/SEM system. We are aware that this review article can only cover some of the most important topics. Regarding further aspects, e.g. technical realizations, the influence of inhomogeneities or different transport regimes, etc, we refer to other review articles in this field.
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            Electrode polarization impedance and measurements in biological materials.

            H P Schwan (1968)
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              Polarization in Electrolytic Solutions. Part I. Theory

              George Jaffé, Hung-Chi Chang (1952)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Fuqiang He: 77163594@qq.com
                Lizong Dai: lzdai@xmu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 October 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 October 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 17968
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.12955.3a, ISNI 0000 0001 2264 7233, College of Materials, , Xiamen University, ; Xiamen, Fujian 361005 People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]GRID grid.449836.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0644 5924, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, , Xiamen University of Technology, ; Xiamen, Fujian 361024 People’s Republic of China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 74925
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74925-w
                PMC ID: 7577987
                PubMed ID: 33087818
                SO-VID: 28aa1d6b-fd1f-4d92-8f44-edc570356e31
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 26 February 2020
                Date accepted : 6 October 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 51878583
                Award ID: 51778551
                Award ID: U1805253
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: civil engineering,techniques and instrumentation,characterization and analytical techniques,engineering,materials science
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: civil engineering, techniques and instrumentation, characterization and analytical techniques, engineering, materials science

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