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      COVID-19-Pneumonie Translated title: COVID-19 pneumonia

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          Abstract

          Die „coronavirus disease 2019“ (COVID-19) stellt weiterhin eine große Bedrohung von globalem Ausmaß dar. Auch wenn inzwischen eine Reihe von Organmanifestationen beschrieben ist, steht im Infektionsverlauf weiterhin das respiratorische System im Vordergrund. Es kann zur Entwicklung einer schweren Pneumonie kommen, die in der Regel prognostisch bestimmend ist. Im Folgenden werden die aktuell bekannten Besonderheiten der pulmonalen Manifestation aus pathophysiologischer, klinischer und radiologischer Sicht beschrieben. Bezüglich der Pathophysiologie wird auf den komplexen Charakter der akuten Lungenerkrankung mit schwerer Schädigung des Alveolarepithels und pulmonal-vaskulären Endothels mit der Folge einer schweren respiratorischen Insuffizienz bei einem Teil der Patienten eingegangen. Die Unterschiede zum „klassischen“ „acute respiratory distress syndrome“ mit ihren erheblichen Auswirkungen auf die Therapie von COVID-19 werden herausgearbeitet. Nach einer kurzen Beschreibung der Polymerase-Kettenreaktion(PCR)-gestützten Erregeridentifikation und Angaben zu typischen Laborbefunden wird die bildgebende Darstellung der COVID-19-Pneumonie genauer beschrieben (typische Befunde, Differenzialdiagnosen, Klassifizierung der Wahrscheinlichkeit einer COVID-19-Pneumonie). Daran schließt sich eine Beschreibung der Klinik mit ihren drei Phasen an. Bezüglich der Therapie werden zunächst supportive und intensivmedizinische Ansätze unter Berücksichtigung von O 2-Gabe, antibiotischer Therapie sowie (nicht-)invasiver Beatmung diskutiert. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Zusammenfassung der Erkenntnisse zu medikamentösen Therapien – einerseits zur Thromboseprophylaxe, andererseits zur spezifischen antiviralen und immunmodulatorischen Therapie (Remdesivir, Tocilizumab, Anakinra, Dexamethason).

          Translated abstract

          Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to pose a major global threat. Although a wide range of organ manifestations have now been described, the respiratory system remains in the forefront in terms of the course of infection. Severe pneumonia can develop and is generally prognostically relevant. The following article discusses currently known features of these pulmonary manifestations from a pathophysiological, symptomatological, and radiological perspective. With regard to pathophysiology, the complex nature of the acute pulmonary disease involving severe injury to the alveolar epithelium and pulmonary vascular endothelium resulting in severe respiratory failure in a proportion of patients is discussed. The differences from “classic” acute respiratory distress syndrome and the major effects these have on the treatment of COVID-19 are elucidated. Following a brief description of PCR-based pathogen identification and information on typical laboratory findings, imaging of COVID-19 pneumonia is described in greater details (typical findings, differential diagnoses, grading of the likelihood of COVID-19 pneumonia). This is followed by a description of symptoms, which develop in three phases. With regard to treatment, supportive and intensive care approaches are discussed, including O 2 administration and (non-)invasive ventilation. The article concludes with a summary of the insights gained into pharmacological therapies: thrombosis prevention on the one hand, and specific antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies (remdesivir, tocilizumab, anakinra, dexamethasone) on the other.

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

            Summary Background Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Findings 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p<0·0001), and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL (18·42, 2·64–128·55; p=0·0033) on admission. Median duration of viral shedding was 20·0 days (IQR 17·0–24·0) in survivors, but SARS-CoV-2 was detectable until death in non-survivors. The longest observed duration of viral shedding in survivors was 37 days. Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.
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              A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

              Summary In December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia. Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China.)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                michael.pfeifer@ukr.de
                Journal
                Internist (Berl)
                Internist (Berl)
                Der Internist
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0020-9554
                1432-1289
                29 July 2020
                : 1-10
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.411941.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9194 7179, Pneumologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, , Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, ; Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Deutschland
                [2 ]Klinikum Donaustauf, Donaustauf, Deutschland
                [3 ]GRID grid.469954.3, ISNI 0000 0000 9321 0488, Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder Regensburg, ; Regensburg, Deutschland
                [4 ]GRID grid.411941.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9194 7179, Institut für Röntgendiagnostik, , Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, ; Regensburg, Deutschland
                Author notes
                [Redaktion]

                B. Salzberger, Regensburg

                T. Welte, Hannover

                Article
                854
                10.1007/s00108-020-00854-5
                7388437
                32728817
                2ac8f8ed-4779-404c-8380-e66403f64f3f
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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                Categories
                Schwerpunkt: COVID-19

                „acute respiratory distress syndrome“,computertomographie,mechanische beatmung,virostatika,dexamethason,acute respiratory distress syndrome,tomography, x‑ray computed,ventilation, mechanical,antiviral agents,dexamethasone

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