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      Deficiency of Stomach-Type Claudin-18 in Mice Induces Gastric Tumor Formation Independent of H pylori Infection

      research-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , ∗ , ∗∗∗ , 3 , ∗ , 1 , ∗ , 1 , 4 , 5 , 3 , 1 , ∗ , 1 , ∗∗
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology
      Publisher: Elsevier
      Keywords: Epithelial Barrier, Tight Junction, Chronic Active Gastritis, SPEM, Cldn, Claudin, DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DM, double-mutant, EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, FBS, fetal bovine serum, FGP, fundic gland polyp, HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution, HP, hyperplastic polyp, IL, interleukin, luCldn18, lung-type claudin-18, MMP7, matrix metalloproteinase-7, PBS, phosphate-buffered saline, PJP, Peutz-Jeghers polyp, qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, SPEM, spasmolytic polypeptide–expressing metaplasia, stCldn18, stomach-type claudin-18, TJ, tight junction, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha, w.o., weeks old, Wnt1-Tg, Wnt1-overexpressing transgenic

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          Abstract

          Background & Aims

          Epithelial cells are joined by tight junctions (TJs) to form a cell sheet. In the stomach, epithelial cell sheet forms an essential barrier against gastric material, including gastric acid. Although the decreased expression of stomach-type claudin-18 ( stCldn18), a TJ protein, is generally observed in human gastritis and gastric cancer, its pathological roles are not fully understood. We previously reported that mice lacking stCldn18 ( stCldn18-/-) exhibit gastric acid leakage through TJs, which induces active gastritis at a young age. Here, we examined the gastric pathologies in mice after long-term stCldn18 deficiency.

          Methods

          The gastric pathologies in stCldn18-/- mice were sequentially analyzed from youth to old age, and compared to those in humans. To examine the relationship between stCldn18 deficiency-induced gastric pathologies and Wnt-dependent tumorigenesis, we generated Wnt1-overexpressing stCldn18-/- mice.

          Results

          StCldn18-/- mice developed chronic active gastritis at middle age, with expression of the chemoattractant CCL28. At old age, 20-30% of these mice developed gastric tumors with CXCL5 expression, indicative of EMT. In this process, spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) cells appeared. Increased expressions of CD44-variants, TLR2, and CXCL5 indicated age-dependent changes in cell characteristics. Some features of the s tCldn18-/- mouse gastric tumorigenesis resembled H pylori-infection-related human carcinogenesis. The gastric tumorigenesis was accelerated in Wnt1-overexpressing stCldn18-/- mice, indicating that Wnt is involved in the s tCldn18-/- mouse gastric tumorigenesis.

          Conclusions

          StCldn18 deficiency induced gastric tumorigenesis in mice without H pylori infection. Our findings revealed that several signaling networks, including the cytokine-, stemness-, and Wnt-signaling pathways, may be activated under the stCldn18-deficiency-induced chronic active gastritis to accelerate the gastric tumorigenesis.

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          Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis.

          Johanna A. Joyce, Jeffrey W Pollard (2009)
          Metastasis is a multistage process that requires cancer cells to escape from the primary tumour, survive in the circulation, seed at distant sites and grow. Each of these processes involves rate-limiting steps that are influenced by non-malignant cells of the tumour microenvironment. Many of these cells are derived from the bone marrow, particularly the myeloid lineage, and are recruited by cancer cells to enhance their survival, growth, invasion and dissemination. This Review describes experimental data demonstrating the role of the microenvironment in metastasis, identifies areas for future research and suggests possible new therapeutic avenues.
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            Tumour hypoxia promotes tolerance and angiogenesis via CCL28 and T(reg) cells.

            Andrea Facciabene, Xiaohui Peng, Ian S Hagemann … (2011)
            Although immune mechanisms can suppress tumour growth, tumours establish potent, overlapping mechanisms that mediate immune evasion. Emerging evidence suggests a link between angiogenesis and the tolerance of tumours to immune mechanisms. Hypoxia, a condition that is known to drive angiogenesis in tumours, results in the release of damage-associated pattern molecules, which can trigger the rejection of tumours by the immune system. Thus, the counter-activation of tolerance mechanisms at the site of tumour hypoxia would be a crucial condition for maintaining the immunological escape of tumours. However, a direct link between tumour hypoxia and tolerance through the recruitment of regulatory cells has not been established. We proposed that tumour hypoxia induces the expression of chemotactic factors that promote tolerance. Here we show that tumour hypoxia promotes the recruitment of regulatory T (T(reg)) cells through induction of expression of the chemokine CC-chemokine ligand 28 (CCL28), which, in turn, promotes tumour tolerance and angiogenesis. Thus, peripheral immune tolerance and angiogenesis programs are closely connected and cooperate to sustain tumour growth. ©2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
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              Chronic Inflammation in Cancer Development

              Gabriele Multhoff, Michael Molls, Jürgen Radons (2012)
              Chronic inflammatory mediators exert pleiotropic effects in the development of cancer. On the one hand, inflammation favors carcinogenesis, malignant transformation, tumor growth, invasion, and metastatic spread; on the other hand inflammation can stimulate immune effector mechanisms that might limit tumor growth. The link between cancer and inflammation depends on intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Both pathways result in the activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB, STAT-3, and HIF-1 and in accumulation of tumorigenic factors in tumor and microenvironment. STAT-3 and NF-κB interact at multiple levels and thereby boost tumor-associated inflammation which can suppress anti-tumor immune responses. These factors also promote tumor growth, progression, and metastatic spread. IL-1, IL-6, TNF, and PGHS-2 are key mediators of an inflammatory milieu by modulating the expression of tumor-promoting factors. In this review we concentrate on the crucial role of pro-inflammatory mediators in inflammation-driven carcinogenesis and outline molecular mechanisms of IL-1 signaling in tumors. In addition, we elucidate the dual roles of stress proteins as danger signals in the development of anti-cancer immunity and anti-apoptotic functions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Koya Suzuki
                Atsushi Tamura
                Sachiko Tsukita
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol
                Title: Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2352-345X
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 March 2019
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 119-142
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
                [2 ]Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
                [3 ]Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
                [4 ]Department of Health Protection, Graduate School of Medicine, Asia International Institute of Infectious Disease Control, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
                [5 ]Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
                Author notes
                [∗ ] Correspondence Address requests for reprints to: Atsushi Tamura, Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. fax: +81-6-6879-3329. atamura@ 123456biosci.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
                [∗∗ ]Sachiko Tsukita, Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. fax: +81-6-6879-3329. atsukita@ 123456biosci.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
                [∗∗∗ ]Koya Suzuki, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan. fax: +81-3-5684-1609. koya-suzuki@ 123456juntendo.ac.jp
                [∗]

                Authors share co-first authorship.

                Article
                Publisher ID: S2352-345X(19)30029-3
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.03.003
                PMC ID: 6554658
                PubMed ID: 30910700
                SO-VID: 347d0f63-1d2e-4777-8200-3ab2f8164ac6
                Copyright © © 2019 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 23 May 2018
                Date accepted : 14 March 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                Keywords: epithelial barrier,tight junction,chronic active gastritis,spem,cldn, claudin,dapi, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole,dm, double-mutant,emt, epithelial-mesenchymal transition,fbs, fetal bovine serum,fgp, fundic gland polyp,hbss, hank’s balanced salt solution,hp, hyperplastic polyp,il, interleukin,lucldn18, lung-type claudin-18,mmp7, matrix metalloproteinase-7,pbs, phosphate-buffered saline,pjp, peutz-jeghers polyp,qrt-pcr, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,rt-pcr, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction,spem, spasmolytic polypeptide–expressing metaplasia,stcldn18, stomach-type claudin-18,tj, tight junction,tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha,w.o., weeks old,wnt1-tg, wnt1-overexpressing transgenic
                Data availability:
                Keywords: epithelial barrier, tight junction, chronic active gastritis, spem, cldn, claudin, dapi, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dm, double-mutant, emt, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, fbs, fetal bovine serum, fgp, fundic gland polyp, hbss, hank’s balanced salt solution, hp, hyperplastic polyp, il, interleukin, lucldn18, lung-type claudin-18, mmp7, matrix metalloproteinase-7, pbs, phosphate-buffered saline, pjp, peutz-jeghers polyp, qrt-pcr, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, rt-pcr, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, spem, spasmolytic polypeptide–expressing metaplasia, stcldn18, stomach-type claudin-18, tj, tight junction, tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha, w.o., weeks old, wnt1-tg, wnt1-overexpressing transgenic

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