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      A bioinspired omniphobic surface coating on medical devices prevents thrombosis and biofouling.

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          Abstract

          Thrombosis and biofouling of extracorporeal circuits and indwelling medical devices cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. We apply a bioinspired, omniphobic coating to tubing and catheters and show that it completely repels blood and suppresses biofilm formation. The coating is a covalently tethered, flexible molecular layer of perfluorocarbon, which holds a thin liquid film of medical-grade perfluorocarbon on the surface. This coating prevents fibrin attachment, reduces platelet adhesion and activation, suppresses biofilm formation and is stable under blood flow in vitro. Surface-coated medical-grade tubing and catheters, assembled into arteriovenous shunts and implanted in pigs, remain patent for at least 8 h without anticoagulation. This surface-coating technology could reduce the use of anticoagulants in patients and help to prevent thrombotic occlusion and biofouling of medical devices.

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          Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface.

          H. Bohn, W. Federle (2004)
          Pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes have highly specialized leaves adapted to attract, capture, retain, and digest arthropod prey. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the capture of insects, ranging from slippery epicuticular wax crystals to downward-pointing lunate cells and alkaloid secretions that anesthetize insects. Here we report that perhaps the most important capture mechanism has thus far remained overlooked. It is based on special surface properties of the pitcher rim (peristome) and insect "aquaplaning." The peristome is characterized by a regular microstructure with radial ridges of smooth overlapping epidermal cells, which form a series of steps toward the pitcher inside. This surface is completely wettable by nectar secreted at the inner margin of the peristome and by rain water, so that homogenous liquid films cover the surface under humid weather conditions. Only when wet, the peristome surface is slippery for insects, so that most ant visitors become trapped. By measuring friction forces of weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) on the peristome surface of Nepenthes bicalcarata, we demonstrate that the two factors preventing insect attachment to the peristome, i.e., water lubrication and anisotropic surface topography, are effective against different attachment structures of the insect tarsus. Peristome water films disrupt attachment only for the soft adhesive pads but not for the claws, whereas surface topography leads to anisotropic friction only for the claws but not for the adhesive pads. Experiments on Nepenthes alata show that the trapping mechanism of the peristome is also essential in Nepenthes species with waxy inner pitcher walls.
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            New challenges in biomaterials

            R. Langer, N. Peppas (1994)
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              Hierarchical or not? Effect of the length scale and hierarchy of the surface roughness on omniphobicity of lubricant-infused substrates.

              Philseok Kim, Michael Kreder, Jack Alvarenga … (2013)
              Lubricant-infused textured solid substrates are gaining remarkable interest as a new class of omni-repellent nonfouling materials and surface coatings. We investigated the effect of the length scale and hierarchy of the surface topography of the underlying substrates on their ability to retain the lubricant under high shear conditions, which is important for maintaining nonwetting properties under application-relevant conditions. By comparing the lubricant loss, contact angle hysteresis, and sliding angles for water and ethanol droplets on flat, microscale, nanoscale, and hierarchically textured surfaces subjected to various spinning rates (from 100 to 10,000 rpm), we show that lubricant-infused textured surfaces with uniform nanofeatures provide the most shear-tolerant liquid-repellent behavior, unlike lotus leaf-inspired superhydrophobic surfaces, which generally favor hierarchical structures for improved pressure stability and low contact angle hysteresis. On the basis of these findings, we present generalized, low-cost, and scalable methods to manufacture uniform or regionally patterned nanotextured coatings on arbitrary materials and complex shapes. After functionalization and lubrication, these coatings show robust, shear-tolerant omniphobic behavior, transparency, and nonfouling properties against highly contaminating media.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nat. Biotechnol.
                Title: Nature biotechnology
                ISSN (Electronic): 1546-1696
                ISSN (Print): 1087-0156
                Publication date (Electronic): Nov 2014
                Volume: 32
                Issue: 11
                Affiliations
                [1 ] 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
                [2 ] 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
                [3 ] 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
                [4 ] 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
                [5 ] 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
                [6 ] Animal Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
                [7 ] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
                [8 ] 1] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
                [9 ] 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: nbt.3020
                DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3020
                PubMed ID: 25306244
                SO-VID: 39f98a3a-11f6-42f6-89b0-08992277fe7f
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