Methylation Analysis of Several Tumour Suppressor Genes Shows a Low Frequency of Methylation of CDKN2A and RARB in Uveal Melanomas

Abstract

We have investigated the frequency of methylation of several tumour suppressor genes in uveal melanoma. As the loss of one copy of chromosome 3 (monosomy 3), which is found in about half of these tumours, is tightly associated with metastatic disease, a special emphasis was laid on genes located on this chromosome, including the fragile histidine triad ( FHIT), von Hippel–Lindau ( VHL), β-catenin ( CTNNB1), activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule ( ALCAM) and retinoic acid receptor-β2 ( RARB) genes. In addition, the methylation patterns of the CpG-rich regions 5′ of the E-cadherin ( CDH1), p16/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2 A ( CDKN2A) and retinoblastoma ( RB1) genes were analysed by bisulphite genomic sequencing or methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Furthermore, the SNRPN and D15S63 loci, which are located in the imprinted region of chromosome 15, were included in the study. Aberrant methylation was detected in nine of 40 tumours analysed: The imprinted SNRPN and D15S63 loci were hypermethylated in three tumours, all of which retained both copies of chromosome 3. Methylated RARB alleles were detected in three tumours, whereas in three other tumours CDKN2A was found to be methylated. As we did not find RARB and CDKN2A preferentially methylated in tumours with monosomy 3, which is a significant predictor of metastatic disease, we suggest that these genes may play a causative role in the formation of uveal melanoma but not in the development of metastases.