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      Obstructive sleep apnea and vascular disease

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          Abstract

          There is emerging evidence linking obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to vascular disease, including hypertension. This relationship may be independent of co-morbidity, such as obesity. Even apparently healthy OSA patients have evidence of subtle functional vascular abnormalities that are known to occur in patients with hypertension and atherosclerosis. Untreated OSA may possibly contribute to the initiation and/or progression of pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in hypertension, heart failure, cardiac ischemia and stroke. This brief commentary will examine the evidence and mechanisms linking OSA to vascular disease.

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          Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension.

          Paul E. Peppard, Terry Young, Mari Palta … (2000)
          Sleep-disordered breathing is prevalent in the general population and has been linked to chronically elevated blood pressure in cross-sectional epidemiologic studies. We performed a prospective, population-based study of the association between objectively measured sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension (defined as a laboratory-measured blood pressure of at least 140/90 mm Hg or the use of antihypertensive medications). We analyzed data on sleep-disordered breathing, blood pressure, habitus, and health history at base line and after four years of follow-up in 709 participants of the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study (and after eight years of follow-up in the case of 184 of these participants). Participants were assessed overnight by 18-channel polysomnography for sleep-disordered breathing, as defined by the apnea-hypopnea index (the number of episodes of apnea and hypopnea per hour of sleep). The odds ratios for the presence of hypertension at the four-year follow-up study according to the apnea-hypopnea index at base line were estimated after adjustment for base-line hypertension status, body-mass index, neck and waist circumference, age, sex, and weekly use of alcohol and cigarettes. Relative to the reference category of an apnea-hypopnea index of 0 events per hour at base line, the odds ratios for the presence of hypertension at follow-up were 1.42 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.78) with an apnea-hypopnea index of 0.1 to 4.9 events per hour at base line as compared with none, 2.03 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.29 to 3.17) with an apnea-hypopnea index of 5.0 to 14.9 events per hour, and 2.89 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.46 to 5.64) with an apnea-hypopnea index of 15.0 or more events per hour. We found a dose-response association between sleep-disordered breathing at base line and the presence of hypertension four years later that was independent of known confounding factors. The findings suggest that sleep-disordered breathing is likely to be a risk factor for hypertension and consequent cardiovascular morbidity in the general population.
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            Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis.

            D S Celermajer, K Sorensen, V Gooch … (1992)
            Endothelial dysfunction is an early event in experimental studies of atherogenesis, preceding formation of plaques. We have devised a non-invasive method for testing endothelial function, to find out whether abnormalities are present in symptom-free children and young adults at high risk of atherosclerosis. With high-resolution ultrasound, we measured the diameter of the superficial femoral and brachial arteries at rest, during reactive hyperaemia (with increased flow causing endothelium-dependent dilatation), and after sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN; causing endothelium-independent dilatation) in 100 subjects--50 controls without vascular risk factors (aged 8-57 years), 20 cigarette smokers (aged 17-62 years), 10 children with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH; aged 8-16 years), and 20 patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD). Adequate scans were obtained in all but 6 cases. Flow-mediated dilatation was observed in arteries from all control subjects. Dilatation was inversely related to baseline vessel diameter (r = -0.81, p < 0.0001); in arteries of 6.0 mm or less, mean dilatation was 10 (SE 2)%. In smokers, FH children, and adults with CAD, flow-mediated dilatation was much reduced or absent (p < 0.001 for comparison with each relevant control group). Dilatation in response to GTN was present in all groups. Endothelial dysfunction is present in children and adults with risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as smoking and hypercholesterolaemia, before anatomical evidence of plaque formation in the arteries studied. This may be an important early event in atherogenesis.
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              Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study.

              F J Nieto, T B Young, B K Lind … (2000)
              Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and sleep apnea have been linked to hypertension in previous studies, but most of these studies used surrogate information to define SDB (eg, snoring) and were based on small clinic populations, or both. To assess the association between SDB and hypertension in a large cohort of middle-aged and older persons. Cross-sectional analyses of participants in the Sleep Heart Health Study, a community-based multicenter study conducted between November 1995 and January 1998. A total of 6132 subjects recruited from ongoing population-based studies (aged > or = 40 years; 52.8% female). Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI, the average number of apneas plus hypopneas per hour of sleep, with apnea defined as a cessation of airflow and hypopnea defined as a > or = 30% reduction in airflow or thoracoabdominal excursion both of which are accompanied by a > or = 4% drop in oxyhemoglobin saturation) [corrected], obtained by unattended home polysomnography. Other measures include arousal index; percentage of sleep time below 90% oxygen saturation; history of snoring; and presence of hypertension, defined as resting blood pressure of at least 140/90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive medication. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension increased significantly with increasing SDB measures, although some of this association was explained by body mass index (BMI). After adjusting for demographics and anthropometric variables (including BMI, neck circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio), as well as for alcohol intake and smoking, the odds ratio for hypertension, comparing the highest category of AHI (> or = 30 per hour) with the lowest category ( or = 12% vs < 0.05%) was 1.46 (95% CI, 1.12-1.88; P for trend <.001). In stratified analyses, associations of hypertension with either measure of SDB were seen in both sexes, older and younger ages, all ethnic groups, and among normal-weight and overweight individuals. Weaker and nonsignificant associations were observed for the arousal index or self-reported history of habitual snoring. Our findings from the largest cross-sectional study to date indicate that SDB is associated with systemic hypertension in middle-aged and older individuals of different sexes and ethnic backgrounds.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Respir Res
                Title: Respiratory Research
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Print): 1465-9921
                ISSN (Electronic): 1465-993X
                Publication date (Print): 2001
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 August 2001
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 315-319
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: rr79
                DOI: 10.1186/rr79
                PMC ID: 64798
                PubMed ID: 11737928
                SO-VID: 49080bbc-96f4-43f8-afe6-2a046bd90b62
                Copyright © Copyright © 2001 BioMed Central Ltd
                History
                Date received : 23 April 2001
                Date revision requested : 11 June 2001
                Date revision received : 3 July 2001
                Date accepted : 19 July 2001
                Categories
                Subject: Commentary

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Respiratory medicine
                Keywords: vascular disease,sleep apnea,sympathetic nervous system,cardiovascular risk,hypertension
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Respiratory medicine
                Keywords: vascular disease, sleep apnea, sympathetic nervous system, cardiovascular risk, hypertension

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