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      Non-Structural Proteins of Arthropod-Borne Bunyaviruses: Roles and Functions

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          Abstract

          Viruses within the Bunyaviridae family are tri-segmented, negative-stranded RNA viruses. The family includes several emerging and re-emerging viruses of humans, animals and plants, such as Rift Valley fever virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, La Crosse virus, Schmallenberg virus and tomato spotted wilt virus. Many bunyaviruses are arthropod-borne, so-called arboviruses. Depending on the genus, bunyaviruses encode, in addition to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the different structural proteins, one or several non-structural proteins. These non-structural proteins are not always essential for virus growth and replication but can play an important role in viral pathogenesis through their interaction with the host innate immune system. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge and understanding of insect-borne bunyavirus non-structural protein function(s) in vertebrate, plant and arthropod.

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          Interferons and viruses: an interplay between induction, signalling, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures.

          Richard E. Randall, Stephen Goodbourn (2008)
          The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response that is capable of controlling most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity. However, viruses can still replicate and cause disease in vivo, because they have some strategy for at least partially circumventing the IFN response. We reviewed this topic in 2000 [Goodbourn, S., Didcock, L. & Randall, R. E. (2000). J Gen Virol 81, 2341-2364] but, since then, a great deal has been discovered about the molecular mechanisms of the IFN response and how different viruses circumvent it. This information is of fundamental interest, but may also have practical application in the design and manufacture of attenuated virus vaccines and the development of novel antiviral drugs. In the first part of this review, we describe how viruses activate the IFN system, how IFNs induce transcription of their target genes and the mechanism of action of IFN-induced proteins with antiviral action. In the second part, we describe how viruses circumvent the IFN response. Here, we reflect upon possible consequences for both the virus and host of the different strategies that viruses have evolved and discuss whether certain viruses have exploited the IFN response to modulate their life cycle (e.g. to establish and maintain persistent/latent infections), whether perturbation of the IFN response by persistent infections can lead to chronic disease, and the importance of the IFN system as a species barrier to virus infections. Lastly, we briefly describe applied aspects that arise from an increase in our knowledge in this area, including vaccine design and manufacture, the development of novel antiviral drugs and the use of IFN-sensitive oncolytic viruses in the treatment of cancer.
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            Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology.

            KAREN‐BETH SCHOLTHOF, SCOTT ADKINS, HENRYK CZOSNEK … (2011)
            Many scientists, if not all, feel that their particular plant virus should appear in any list of the most important plant viruses. However, to our knowledge, no such list exists. The aim of this review was to survey all plant virologists with an association with Molecular Plant Pathology and ask them to nominate which plant viruses they would place in a 'Top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. The survey generated more than 250 votes from the international community, and allowed the generation of a Top 10 plant virus list for Molecular Plant Pathology. The Top 10 list includes, in rank order, (1) Tobacco mosaic virus, (2) Tomato spotted wilt virus, (3) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, (4) Cucumber mosaic virus, (5) Potato virus Y, (6) Cauliflower mosaic virus, (7) African cassava mosaic virus, (8) Plum pox virus, (9) Brome mosaic virus and (10) Potato virus X, with honourable mentions for viruses just missing out on the Top 10, including Citrus tristeza virus, Barley yellow dwarf virus, Potato leafroll virus and Tomato bushy stunt virus. This review article presents a short review on each virus of the Top 10 list and its importance, with the intent of initiating discussion and debate amongst the plant virology community, as well as laying down a benchmark, as it will be interesting to see in future years how perceptions change and which viruses enter and leave the Top 10. © 2011 The Authors. Molecular Plant Pathology © 2011 BSPP and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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              Novel Orthobunyavirus in Cattle, Europe, 2011

              Bernd Hoffmann, Matthias Scheuch, Dirk Höper … (2012)
              In 2011, an unidentified disease in cattle was reported in Germany and the Netherlands. Clinical signs included fever, decreased milk production, and diarrhea. Metagenomic analysis identified a novel orthobunyavirus, which subsequently was isolated from blood of affected animals. Surveillance was initiated to test malformed newborn animals in the affected region.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Viruses
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Viruses
                Journal ID (publisher-id): viruses
                Title: Viruses
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1999-4915
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 October 2013
                Publication date Collection: October 2013
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 2447-2468
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail: seifan@ 123456ksu.edu.sa (S.E.)
                [2 ]MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 8 Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, Scotland, UK; E-Mails: esther.schnettler@ 123456glasgow.ac.uk (E.S.); isabelle.dietrich@ 123456glasgow.ac.uk (I.D.); alain.kohl@ 123456glasgow.ac.uk (A.K.)
                [3 ]Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7028, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden
                Author notes
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: anne-lie.blomstrom@ 123456slu.se (A-L.B); Tel.: +44-(0)141-330-3922; Fax: +44-(0)141-330-3520.
                Article
                Publisher ID: viruses-05-02447
                DOI: 10.3390/v5102447
                PMC ID: 3814597
                PubMed ID: 24100888
                SO-VID: 494f41ba-ae77-4aab-8f3c-fd12edce0966
                Copyright © © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 29 July 2013
                Date revision received : 20 September 2013
                Date accepted : 25 September 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: arbovirus,bunyavirus,non-structural protein,host response,virus replication
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: arbovirus, bunyavirus, non-structural protein, host response, virus replication

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