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      Zearalenone and Reproductive Function in Farm Animals

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          Abstract

          Farm animals are exposed to zearalenone through the feed because of the widespread occurrence of this mycotoxin in cereals and clinical reproductive disorders due to mycotoxin effects are often reported in farm animal species. This review describes the metabolism, the mechanistic aspects, the clinical reproductive symptoms and the in vitro effects on functional parameters of oocytes and sperm cells induced by zearalenone and its derivatives in farm animals. The studies on in vitro effects allow to understand the action mechanisms of mycotoxins and, sometime, to explain the in vivo symptoms. The impairment of semen quality and female reproductive function induced by zearalenone could be a factor responsible for the reproductive failure in farm animals.

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          Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones.

          Anita Payne, Dale B Hales (2004)
          Significant advances have taken place in our knowledge of the enzymes involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis since the last comprehensive review in 1988. Major developments include the cloning, identification, and characterization of multiple isoforms of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which play a critical role in the biosynthesis of all steroid hormones and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase where specific isoforms are essential for the final step in active steroid hormone biosynthesis. Advances have taken place in our understanding of the unique manner that determines tissue-specific expression of P450aromatase through the utilization of alternative promoters. In recent years, evidence has been obtained for the expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the nervous system and in cardiac tissue, indicating that these tissues may be involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones acting in an autocrine or paracrine manner. This review presents a detailed description of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of active steroid hormones, with emphasis on the human and mouse enzymes and their expression in gonads, adrenal glands, and placenta.
          Article 0 comments Cited 340 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone: an oestrogenic mycotoxin.

            Abdellah Zinedine, José Miguel Soriano, Juan Moltó … (2007)
            Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. It is frequently implicated in reproductive disorders of farm animals and occasionally in hyperoestrogenic syndromes in humans. There is evidence that ZEA and its metabolites possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep. However, ZEA is of a relatively low acute toxicity after oral or interperitoneal administration in mice, rat and pig. The biotransformation for ZEA in animals involves the formation of two metabolites alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZEA) and beta-zearalenol (beta-ZEA) which are subsequently conjugated with glucuronic acid. Moreover, ZEA has also been shown to be hepatotoxic, haematotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic. The exact mechanism of ZEA toxicity is not completely established. This paper gives an overview about the acute, subacute and chronic toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity and immunotoxicity of ZEA and its metabolites. ZEA is commonly found on several foods and feeds in the temperate regions of Europe, Africa, Asia, America and Oceania. Recent data about the worldwide contamination of foods and feeds by ZEA are considered in this review. Due to economic losses engendered by ZEA and its impact on human and animal health, several strategies for detoxifying contaminated foods and feeds have been described in the literature including physical, chemical and biological process. Dietary intakes of ZEA were reported from few countries from the world. The mean dietary intakes for ZEA have been estimated at 20 ng/kgb.w./day for Canada, Denmark and Norway and at 30 ng/kgb.w./day for the USA. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) for ZEA of 0.5 microg/kg of body weight.
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              Fusarium mycotoxins: a review of global implications for animal health, welfare and productivity

              J.P.F D'Mello, C.M Placinta, A.M.C Macdonald (1999)
              Article 0 comments Cited 119 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date Collection: December 2008
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 December 2008
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 2570-2584
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR)/ Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Animal Production, University of Bari / Strada Provinciale Casamassima Km3, 70100 Valenzano, Italy. E-Mails: e.dellaquila@ 123456veterinaria.uniba.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Fiorenza.minervini@ 123456ispa.cnr.it ; Tel. +39-080-5929360; Fax: +39-080-5929374
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-09-02570
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms9122570
                PMC ID: 2635636
                PubMed ID: 19330093
                SO-VID: 59a6c702-c686-44e6-ab52-6c3b688d07f3
                Copyright © © 2008 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
                License:

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 3 November 2008
                Date revision received : 4 December 2008
                Date accepted : 8 December 2008
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: in vitro,zearalenone and its derivatives,in vivo,farm animals
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: in vitro, zearalenone and its derivatives, in vivo, farm animals

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