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      PKC regulation of ion channels: The involvement of PIP 2

      review-article
      1 , 1 , 2 , 3 ,
      The Journal of Biological Chemistry
      American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
      PKC, phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate, ion channel, phosphorylation, voltage-gated potassium channel, inwardly rectifying potassium channels, transient receptor potential channels, ASIC, acid-sensing ion channel, BIM, bisindolylmaleimide, CaCC, Ca2+-activated chloride channel, CaV, voltage-gated calcium, ClC, chloride channel, CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, cPKC, conventional PKC, DAG, diacylglycerol, diC8-PIP2, dioctanoyl PI(4,5)P2, DRG, dorsal root ganglia, ENaC, epithelial Na+ channel, GIRK, G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channel, K2P, two-pore domain potassium, KCa, calcium-activated potassium, Kir, inwardly rectifying potassium, KV, voltage-gated potassium, LQTS, long QT syndrome, MD, molecular dynamics, MOR, μ-opioid receptor, MS, mass spectrometry, nPKC, novel PKC, PdBu, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, PI(4,5)P2 or PIP2, phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate, PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, SUR, sulfonylurea receptor subunit, TMTX, thymeleatoxin, TRP, transient receptor potential, TRPC, TRP canonical, TRPM, TRP melastatin, TRPP, TRP polycystic, TRPV, TRP vanilloid, TTX, tetrodotoxin, VSD, voltage sensor domain

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          Abstract

          Ion channels are integral membrane proteins whose gating has been increasingly shown to depend on the presence of the low-abundance membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate. The expression and function of ion channels is tightly regulated via protein phosphorylation by specific kinases, including various PKC isoforms. Several channels have further been shown to be regulated by PKC through altered surface expression, probability of channel opening, shifts in voltage dependence of their activation, or changes in inactivation or desensitization. In this review, we survey the impact of phosphorylation of various ion channels by PKC isoforms and examine the dependence of phosphorylated ion channels on phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate as a mechanistic endpoint to control channel gating.

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          Most cited references173

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          PhosphoSitePlus, 2014: mutations, PTMs and recalibrations

          PhosphoSitePlus® (PSP, http://www.phosphosite.org/), a knowledgebase dedicated to mammalian post-translational modifications (PTMs), contains over 330 000 non-redundant PTMs, including phospho, acetyl, ubiquityl and methyl groups. Over 95% of the sites are from mass spectrometry (MS) experiments. In order to improve data reliability, early MS data have been reanalyzed, applying a common standard of analysis across over 1 000 000 spectra. Site assignments with P > 0.05 were filtered out. Two new downloads are available from PSP. The ‘Regulatory sites’ dataset includes curated information about modification sites that regulate downstream cellular processes, molecular functions and protein-protein interactions. The ‘PTMVar’ dataset, an intersect of missense mutations and PTMs from PSP, identifies over 25 000 PTMVars (PTMs Impacted by Variants) that can rewire signaling pathways. The PTMVar data include missense mutations from UniPROTKB, TCGA and other sources that cause over 2000 diseases or syndromes (MIM) and polymorphisms, or are associated with hundreds of cancers. PTMVars include 18 548 phosphorlyation sites, 3412 ubiquitylation sites, 2316 acetylation sites, 685 methylation sites and 245 succinylation sites.
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            THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: Introduction and Other Protein Targets

            The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 is the fourth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews of the key properties of nearly 1800 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide represents approximately 400 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.14747. In addition to this overview, in which are identified Other protein targets which fall outside of the subsequent categorisation, there are six areas of focus: G protein‐coupled receptors, ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid‐2019, and supersedes data presented in the 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC‐IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate.
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              Protein kinase C and lipid signaling for sustained cellular responses.

              Since the second messenger role was proposed for the products of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the biochemical mechanism of the intracellular signaling network. It is now becoming evident that stimulation of a cell surface receptor initiates a degradation cascade of various membrane lipid constituents. Many of their metabolites have potential to induce, intensify, and prolong the activation of protein kinase C that is needed for sustained cellular responses.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Biol Chem
                J Biol Chem
                The Journal of Biological Chemistry
                American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
                0021-9258
                1083-351X
                16 May 2022
                June 2022
                16 May 2022
                : 298
                : 6
                : 102035
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences and College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
                [2 ]Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences and College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
                [3 ]Center for Drug Discovery, Bouvé College of Health Sciences and College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
                Author notes
                []For correspondence: Diomedes E. Logothetis d.logothetis@ 123456northeastern.edu
                Article
                S0021-9258(22)00475-6 102035
                10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102035
                9198471
                35588786
                5df7ef2d-0a1f-4118-a508-3bb6eccbdacc
                © 2022 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 17 February 2022
                : 10 May 2022
                Categories
                JBC Reviews

                Biochemistry
                pkc,phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate,ion channel, phosphorylation,voltage-gated potassium channel,inwardly rectifying potassium channels,transient receptor potential channels,asic, acid-sensing ion channel,bim, bisindolylmaleimide,cacc, ca2+-activated chloride channel,cav, voltage-gated calcium,clc, chloride channel,cftr, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator,cpkc, conventional pkc,dag, diacylglycerol,dic8-pip2, dioctanoyl pi(4,5)p2,drg, dorsal root ganglia,enac, epithelial na+ channel,girk, g-protein-gated inwardly rectifying k+ channel,k2p, two-pore domain potassium,kca, calcium-activated potassium,kir, inwardly rectifying potassium,kv, voltage-gated potassium,lqts, long qt syndrome,md, molecular dynamics,mor, μ-opioid receptor,ms, mass spectrometry,npkc, novel pkc,pdbu, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate,pi(4,5)p2 or pip2, phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate,pma, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate,sur, sulfonylurea receptor subunit,tmtx, thymeleatoxin,trp, transient receptor potential,trpc, trp canonical,trpm, trp melastatin,trpp, trp polycystic,trpv, trp vanilloid,ttx, tetrodotoxin,vsd, voltage sensor domain

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