Immobilized Enzymes in Biosensor Applications

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Abstract

Enzyme-based biosensing devices have been extensively developed over the last few decades, and have proven to be innovative techniques in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a variety of target substrates over a wide range of applications. Distinct advantages that enzyme-based biosensors provide, such as high sensitivity and specificity, portability, cost-effectiveness, and the possibilities for miniaturization and point-of-care diagnostic testing make them more and more attractive for research focused on clinical analysis, food safety control, or disease monitoring purposes. Therefore, this review article investigates the operating principle of enzymatic biosensors utilizing electrochemical, optical, thermistor, and piezoelectric measurement techniques and their applications in the literature, as well as approaches in improving the use of enzymes for biosensors.

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Most cited references 181

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Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery.

Leland Clark, Champ Lyons (1962)

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Electrochemical Biosensors - Sensor Principles and Architectures

Dorothee Grieshaber, Robert MacKenzie, Janos Vörös … (2008)

Quantification of biological or biochemical processes are of utmost importance for medical, biological and biotechnological applications. However, converting the biological information to an easily processed electronic signal is challenging due to the complexity of connecting an electronic device directly to a biological environment. Electrochemical biosensors provide an attractive means to analyze the content of a biological sample due to the direct conversion of a biological event to an electronic signal. Over the past decades several sensing concepts and related devices have been developed. In this review, the most common traditional techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, impedance spectroscopy, and various field-effect transistor based methods are presented along with selected promising novel approaches, such as nanowire or magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensing. Additional measurement techniques, which have been shown useful in combination with electrochemical detection, are also summarized, such as the electrochemical versions of surface plasmon resonance, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy, ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance, and scanning probe microscopy. The signal transduction and the general performance of electrochemical sensors are often determined by the surface architectures that connect the sensing element to the biological sample at the nanometer scale. The most common surface modification techniques, the various electrochemical transduction mechanisms, and the choice of the recognition receptor molecules all influence the ultimate sensitivity of the sensor. New nanotechnology-based approaches, such as the use of engineered ion-channels in lipid bilayers, the encapsulation of enzymes into vesicles, polymersomes, or polyelectrolyte capsules provide additional possibilities for signal amplification. In particular, this review highlights the importance of the precise control over the delicate interplay between surface nano-architectures, surface functionalization and the chosen sensor transducer principle, as well as the usefulness of complementary characterization tools to interpret and to optimize the sensor response.

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Glutaraldehyde: behavior in aqueous solution, reaction with proteins, and application to enzyme crosslinking.

Isabelle Migneault, Catherine Dartiguenave, Michel J. Bertrand … (2004)

Glutaraldehyde possesses unique characteristics that render it one of the most effective protein crosslinking reagents. It can be present in at least 13 different forms depending on solution conditions such as pH, concentration, temperature, etc. Substantial literature is found concerning the use of glutaraldehyde for protein immobilization, yet there is no agreement about the main reactive species that participates in the crosslinking process because monomeric and polymeric forms are in equilibrium. Glutaraldehyde may react with proteins by several means such as aldol condensation or Michael-type addition, and we show here 8 different reactions for various aqueous forms of this reagent. As a result of these discrepancies and the unique characteristics of each enzyme, crosslinking procedures using glutaraldehyde are largely developed through empirical observation. The choice of the enzyme-glutaraldehyde ratio, as well as their final concentration, is critical because insolubilization of the enzyme must result in minimal distortion of its structure in order to retain catalytic activity. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking reagent by describing its structure and chemical properties in aqueous solution in an attempt to explain its high reactivity toward proteins, particularly as applied to the production of insoluble enzymes.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Materials (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Materials (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): materials

Title: Materials

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1996-1944

Publication date (Electronic): 02 January 2019

Publication date Collection: January 2019

Volume: 12

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 121

Affiliations

[1 ]BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; nguyenhoanghiep244@ 123456gmail.com (H.H.N.); tnsgur02@ 123456kribb.re.kr (S.H.L.); uijin@ 123456kribb.re.kr (U.J.L.)

[2 ]Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea

[3 ]Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea

[4 ]Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36830, USA; fermin_c@ 123456mytu.tuskegee.edu

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: kimm@ 123456kribb.re.kr ; Tel.: +82-42-879-8447; Fax: +82-42-879-8594

[†]

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Article

Publisher ID: materials-12-00121

DOI: 10.3390/ma12010121

PMC ID: 6337536

PubMed ID: 30609693

SO-VID: 695cacaa-3d1c-4a92-88ce-1c44f17d754a

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Immobilized Enzymes in Biosensor Applications

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Abstract

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Electrospinning for biomedical applications

Most cited references 181

Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery.

Electrochemical Biosensors - Sensor Principles and Architectures

Glutaraldehyde: behavior in aqueous solution, reaction with proteins, and application to enzyme crosslinking.

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