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      Draft Genome Sequences and Annotation of Enterococcus faecium Strain LCT-EF20

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          Abstract

          The space environment is reported to cause biological alterations in microorganisms, such as growth, drug resistance, and virulence. Here, we present the model of Enterococcus faecium to investigate the effects of space conditions on the microbe and on the whole-genome sequences of the strain LCT-EF20 after being exposed to space flight.

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          Media Ion Composition Controls Regulatory and Virulence Response of Salmonella in Spaceflight

          James Wilson, C. Ott, Laura N. Quick … (2008)
          The spaceflight environment is relevant to conditions encountered by pathogens during the course of infection and induces novel changes in microbial pathogenesis not observed using conventional methods. It is unclear how microbial cells sense spaceflight-associated changes to their growth environment and orchestrate corresponding changes in molecular and physiological phenotypes relevant to the infection process. Here we report that spaceflight-induced increases in Salmonella virulence are regulated by media ion composition, and that phosphate ion is sufficient to alter related pathogenesis responses in a spaceflight analogue model. Using whole genome microarray and proteomic analyses from two independent Space Shuttle missions, we identified evolutionarily conserved molecular pathways in Salmonella that respond to spaceflight under all media compositions tested. Identification of conserved regulatory paradigms opens new avenues to control microbial responses during the infection process and holds promise to provide an improved understanding of human health and disease on Earth.
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            Microbial characterization during the early habitation of the International Space Station.

            Kenneth D Pierson, Claire Healy, Michael C. Ott … (2004)
            An evaluation of the microbiota from air, water, and surface samples provided a baseline of microbial characterization onboard the International Space Station (ISS) to gain insight into bacterial and fungal contamination during the initial stages of construction and habitation. Using 16S genetic sequencing and rep-PCR, 63 bacterial strains were isolated for identification and fingerprinted for microbial tracking. Of the bacterial strains that were isolated and fingerprinted, 19 displayed similarity to each other. The use of these molecular tools allowed for the identification of bacteria not previously identified using automated biochemical analysis and provided a clear indication of the source of several ISS contaminants. Strains of Bradyrhizobium and Sphingomonas unable to be identified using sequencing were identified by comparison of rep-PCR DNA fingerprints. Distinct DNA fingerprints for several strains of Methylobacterium provided a clear indication of the source of an ISS water supply contaminant. Fungal and bacterial data acquired during monitoring do not suggest there is a current microbial hazard to the spacecraft, nor does any trend indicate a potential health risk. Previous spacecraft environmental analysis indicated that microbial contamination will increase with time and will require continued surveillance. Copyright 2004 Springer-Verlag
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              Evaluation of physical and chemical changes in pharmaceuticals flown on space missions.

              L Putcha, Thomas W V Daniels, J. Boyd … (2011)
              Efficacy and safety of medications used for the treatment of astronauts in space may be compromised by altered stability in space. We compared physical and chemical changes with time in 35 formulations contained in identical pharmaceutical kits stowed on the International Space Station (ISS) and on Earth. Active pharmaceutical content (API) was determined by ultra- and high-performance liquid chromatography after returning to Earth. After stowage for 28 months in space, six medications aboard the ISS and two of matching ground controls exhibited changes in physical variables; nine medications from the ISS and 17 from the ground met the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) acceptance criteria for API content after 28 months of storage. A higher percentage of medications from each flight kit had lower API content than the respective ground controls. The number of medications failing API requirement increased as a function of time in space, independent of expiration date. The rate of degradation was faster in space than on the ground for many of the medications, and most solid dosage forms met USP standard for dissolution after storage in space. Cumulative radiation dose was higher and increased with time in space, whereas temperature and humidity remained similar to those on the ground. Exposure to the chronic low dose of ionizing radiation aboard the spacecraft as well as repackaging of solid dosage forms in flight-specific dispensers may adversely affect stability of pharmaceuticals. Characterization of degradation profiles of unstable formulations and identification of chemical attributes of stability in space analog environments on Earth will facilitate development of space-hardy medications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (hwp): ga
                Journal ID (pmc): ga
                Journal ID (publisher-id): GA
                Title: Genome Announcements
                Publisher: American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2169-8287
                Publication date Collection: Jan-Feb 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 January 2013
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e00083-12
                Affiliations
                [a ]Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
                [b ]BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to Changting Liu, liuchangt@ 123456gmail.com .

                D.C. and Y.Z. contributed equally to this article

                Article
                Publisher ID: genomeA00083-12
                DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00083-12
                PMC ID: 3569280
                PubMed ID: 23405294
                SO-VID: 6ae4cac4-094b-4f7d-a6fa-8574a744db6b
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 Chang et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.

                History
                Date received : 1 November 2012
                Date accepted : 12 November 2012
                Page count
                Pages: 2
                Categories
                Subject: Prokaryotes
                Custom metadata
                cover-date January/February 2013
                access-type free

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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