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      Ball Milling Promoted N-Heterocycles Synthesis

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          Abstract

          In the last years, numerous protocols have been published using ball milling for organic synthesis. Compared to other methods such as microwave or ultrasound irradiation and ionic liquids, ball mill chemistry is an economical, and ecofriendly method in organic synthesis that is rather underrepresented in the knowledge of organic chemists. The aim of this review is to explore the advantages of the application of ball milling in synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds.

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          Mechanochemistry: the mechanical activation of covalent bonds.

          Martin K Beyer, Hauke Clausen-Schaumann (2005)
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            Mechanochemical organic synthesis.

            Guan-Wu Wang (2013)
            Recently, mechanical milling using a mixer mill or planetary mill has been fruitfully utilized in organic synthesis under solvent-free conditions. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of various solvent-free mechanochemical organic reactions, including metal-mediated or -catalyzed reactions, condensation reactions, nucleophilic additions, cascade reactions, Diels-Alder reactions, oxidations, reductions, halogenation/aminohalogenation, etc. The ball milling technique has also been applied to the synthesis of calixarenes, rotaxanes and cage compounds, asymmetric synthesis as well as the transformation of biologically active compounds.
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              Ball milling in organic synthesis: solutions and challenges.

              Achim Stolle, Tony Szuppa, Silke Leonhardt … (2011)
              During the last decade numerous protocols have been published using the method of ball milling for synthesis all over the field of organic chemistry. However, compared to other methods leaving their marks on the road to sustainable synthesis (e.g. microwave, ultrasound, ionic liquids) chemistry in ball mills is rather underrepresented in the knowledge of organic chemists. Especially, in the last three years the interest in this technique raised continuously, culminating in several high-quality synthetic procedures covering the whole range of organic synthesis. Thus, the present tutorial review will be focused on the highlights using this method of energy transfer and energy dissipation. The central aim is to motivate researchers to take notice of ball mills as chemical reactors, implementing this technique in everyday laboratory use and thus, pave the ground for future activities in this interdisciplinary field of research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 June 2018
                Publication date Collection: June 2018
                Volume: 23
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1348
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu 46423 Saudi Arabia; taghreed.hussien@ 123456yahoo.com (T.H.E.-S.); asmaa_aboelnaga77@ 123456yahoo.com (A.A.); mohamed.elatawi@ 123456alexu.edu.eg (M.A.E.-A.)
                [2 ]Chemistry Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo 11757, Egypt
                [3 ]Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. 426 Ibrahemia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: mhagar@ 123456taibahu.edu.sa or mohamedhaggar@ 123456gmail.com ; Tel.: +966-545-527-958
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5042-5221
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-23-01348
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061348
                PMC ID: 6100593
                PubMed ID: 29867039
                SO-VID: 755f4b5a-2e75-46b1-a20e-22d006fd1270
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 29 April 2018
                Date accepted : 02 June 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: ball milling,green synthesis,mechanochemistry,n-heterocycles
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ball milling, green synthesis, mechanochemistry, n-heterocycles

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