[1
]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology
and Musculoskeletal Sciences, , University of Oxford, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, ; Windmill Rd, Oxford, OX3 7LD UK
[2
]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9262, GRID grid.11835.3e, Medical Statistics Group, ScHARR, , The University of Sheffield, ; Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA UK
[3
]ISNI 0000 0001 1515 9979, GRID grid.419481.1, Statistical Methodology and Consulting, Novartis, ; Basel, Switzerland
[4
]ISNI 0000 0000 8190 6402, GRID grid.9835.7, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, , Lancaster University, ; Lancaster, LA1 4YF UK
[5
]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9668, GRID grid.5685.e, Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, , University of York, ; Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
[6
]GRID grid.417429.d, Johnson & Johnson, ; 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08933 USA
[7
]ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, GRID grid.7445.2, Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, , Imperial College London, ; Stadium House, 68 Wood Lane, London, W12 7RH UK
[8
]ISNI 0000 0001 2322 6764, GRID grid.13097.3c, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, , Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, ; De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
[9
]ISNI 0000 0000 9606 5108, GRID grid.412687.e, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ; Ottawa, ON Canada
[10
]ISNI 0000000121885934, GRID grid.5335.0, Cambridge Centre for Health Services Research & Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, , University of Cambridge, Institute of Public Health, ; Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR UK
[11
]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7291, GRID grid.7107.1, The Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials (CHaRT), Health Sciences Building, , University of Aberdeen, ; Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2D UK
[12
]ISNI 0000 0000 8809 1613, GRID grid.7372.1, Warwick Medical School - Statistics and Epidemiology, , University of Warwick, ; Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
[13
]MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, 2nd Floor
90 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6LJ UK
[14
]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7291, GRID grid.7107.1, Health Services Research Unit, , University of Aberdeen, ; Health Sciences Building Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
[15
]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9297, GRID grid.5491.9, Public Health Medicine and Fellow in Health Technology Assessment, Wessex Institute,
University of Southampton, ; Alpha House, Enterprise Road, Southampton, SO16 7NS UK
[16
]ISNI 0000 0001 2322 6764, GRID grid.13097.3c, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and
Medicine, , Kings College London, ; Addison House, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
[17
]ISNI 0000 0001 0462 7212, GRID grid.1006.7, Health Economics Group, Institute of Health & Society, , Newcastle University, ; Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX UK
License:
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link
to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons
Public Domain Dedication waiver (
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.