Visualizing Gold Nanoparticle Uptake in Live Cells with Liquid Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

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Abstract

The intracellular uptake of 30 nm diameter gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) was studied at the nanoscale in pristine eukaryotic cells. Live COS-7 cells were maintained in a microfluidic chamber and imaged using scanning transmission electron microscopy. A quantitative image analysis showed that Au-NPs bound to the membranes of vesicles, possibly lysosomes, and occupied 67% of the available surface area. The vesicles accumulated to form a micrometer-sized cluster after 24 h of incubation. Two clusters were analyzed and found to consist of 117 ± 9 and 164 ± 4 NP-filled vesicles.

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Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar discs

Anders Johansen, Jeffrey S. Oishi, Mordecai-Mark Mac Low … (2007)

The initial stages of planet formation in circumstellar gas discs proceed via dust grains that collide and build up larger and larger bodies (Safronov 1969). How this process continues from metre-sized boulders to kilometre-scale planetesimals is a major unsolved problem (Dominik et al. 2007): boulders stick together poorly (Benz 2000), and spiral into the protostar in a few hundred orbits due to a head wind from the slower rotating gas (Weidenschilling 1977). Gravitational collapse of the solid component has been suggested to overcome this barrier (Safronov 1969, Goldreich & Ward 1973, Youdin & Shu 2002). Even low levels of turbulence, however, inhibit sedimentation of solids to a sufficiently dense midplane layer (Weidenschilling & Cuzzi 1993, Dominik et al. 2007), but turbulence must be present to explain observed gas accretion in protostellar discs (Hartmann 1998). Here we report the discovery of efficient gravitational collapse of boulders in locally overdense regions in the midplane. The boulders concentrate initially in transient high pressures in the turbulent gas (Johansen, Klahr, & Henning 2006), and these concentrations are augmented a further order of magnitude by a streaming instability (Youdin & Goodman 2005, Johansen, Henning, & Klahr 2006, Johansen & Youdin 2007) driven by the relative flow of gas and solids. We find that gravitationally bound clusters form with masses comparable to dwarf planets and containing a distribution of boulder sizes. Gravitational collapse happens much faster than radial drift, offering a possible path to planetesimal formation in accreting circumstellar discs.

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Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is size-dependent.

Wen Jiang, Betty Kim, James T. Rutka … (2008)

Nanostructures of different sizes, shapes and material properties have many applications in biomedical imaging, clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. In spite of what has been achieved so far, a complete understanding of how cells interact with nanostructures of well-defined sizes, at the molecular level, remains poorly understood. Here we show that gold and silver nanoparticles coated with antibodies can regulate the process of membrane receptor internalization. The binding and activation of membrane receptors and subsequent protein expression strongly depend on nanoparticle size. Although all nanoparticles within the 2-100 nm size range were found to alter signalling processes essential for basic cell functions (including cell death), 40- and 50-nm nanoparticles demonstrated the greatest effect. These results show that nanoparticles should no longer be viewed as simple carriers for biomedical applications, but can also play an active role in mediating biological effects. The findings presented here may assist in the design of nanoscale delivery and therapeutic systems and provide insights into nanotoxicity.

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Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes.

B Devika Chithrani, Warren C W Chan (2007)

We investigated the mechanism by which transferrin-coated gold nanoparticles (Au NP) of different sizes and shapes entered mammalian cells. We determined that transferrin-coated Au NP entered the cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. The NPs exocytosed out of the cells in a linear relationship to size. This was different than the relationship between uptake and size. Furthermore, we developed a mathematical equation to predict the relationship of size versus exocytosis for different cell lines. These studies will provide guidelines for developing NPs for imaging and drug delivery applications, which will require "controlling" NP accumulation rate. These studies will also have implications in determining nanotoxicity.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nano Lett

Journal ID (publisher-id): nl

Journal ID (coden): nalefd

Title: Nano Letters

Publisher: American Chemical Society

ISSN (Print): 1530-6984

ISSN (Electronic): 1530-6992

Publication date (Electronic): 16 March 2011

Publication date (Print): 13 April 2011

Volume: 11

Issue: 4

Pages: 1733-1738

Affiliations

[1]Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, simpleVanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States

Author notes

[* ]E-mail: niels.de.jonge@ 123456vanderbilt.edu .

Article

DOI: 10.1021/nl200285r

PMC ID: 3087289

PubMed ID: 21410218

SO-VID: 7db18759-4bb0-41bf-ae15-5a71bf9e2f5c

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the ACS AuthorChoice Terms & Conditions. Any use of this article, must conform to the terms of that license which are available at http://pubs.acs.org.

History

Date received : 25 January 2011

Date revision received : 23 February 2011

Date: 16 March 2011

Date: 13 April 2011

Funding

National Institutes of Health, United States

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document-id-old-9 nl200285r

document-id-new-14 nl-2011-00285r

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Nanotechnology

Keywords: biological electron microscopy,nanotoxicology,gold nanoparticles,nanoparticle uptake,live cells,stem,scanning transmission electron microscopy

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Nanotechnology

Keywords: biological electron microscopy, nanotoxicology, gold nanoparticles, nanoparticle uptake, live cells, stem, scanning transmission electron microscopy

Visualizing Gold Nanoparticle Uptake in Live Cells with Liquid Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

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Abstract

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TKD - Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

Most cited references 32

Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar discs

Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is size-dependent.

Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes.

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